In the 1972 presidential election, in order to obtain intelligence on the Democratic Party’s internal campaign strategies, on June 17, 1972, the head of the US Republican Nixon campaign team’s chief security adviser James W. McCord, Jr. Five of the five people broke into the Democratic National Committee office in the Watergate Building in Washington, and were arrested on the spot when they installed a wiretap and secretly photographed relevant documents.
After the incident, Nixon tried his best to cover up and excuse, but in the subsequent investigation of this case, many people in the Nixon administration were exposed one after another, and Nixon himself was directly involved, which triggered a serious constitutional crisis. On October 20, 1973, Nixon forced the attorney general who refused to dismiss the special prosecutor to resign in order to remove the special prosecutor who asked him to surrender evidence. In the end, the third attorney general agreed to remove the special prosecutor. Nixon even mobilized the FBI to lock down the offices of the special prosecutor and the attorney general and the undersecretary, announcing the abolition of the special federal prosecutor's office and transferring the investigative power of the case back to the Ministry of Justice. Faced with Nixon's abuse of administrative power to defend himself, he drew serious criticism from the public.
On October 31, the U.S. House of Representatives decided that the Judiciary Committee of the House would be responsible for investigating and collecting Nixon’s criminal evidence in preparation for the impeachment of Nixon. On June 25, 1974, the Judicial Committee decided to publish all the evidence related to the impeachment of Nixon. At the end of July, the Judiciary Committee passed three articles to impeach Nixon one after another. Nixon announced on August 8 that he would resign the next day, thus becoming the first president in American history to resign.
From the time when James McCord and five others broke into the Democratic National Headquarters in Watergate Building on June 17, 1972, until the resignation of President Nixon on August 9, 1974, the two reporters of the "Washington Post" Bob. Woodward and Carl Bernstein conducted a series of follow-up reports on the entire incident, and it was precisely because of the inside information they reported that exposed the connection between the White House and Watergate, which ultimately prompted Nixon’s resignation. . After most of the Watergate incident was revealed, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein published two books on the inside story of the Watergate incident in 1974 and 1976, "All the President's Men," Also translated "The Great Conspiracy") and "The Final Days" (The Final Days), in the book, the two reporters recorded in detail the entire process of interviews, reports, and excavation of the entire incident.
Film and television works
In 1977, the film of the same name adapted from the book "President's Team" won a total of four awards including the Best Adapted Screenplay Award and the Best Art Director at the 49th Oscar Awards. The person who provided information to the two reporters, codenamed Deep Throat, was revealed on May 31, 2005, and was former FBI Deputy Director W. Mark Felt.
The movie "Forrest Gump" (Forrest Gump) also alluded to the Watergate incident.
More stories
Watergate is a complex in Washington. On June 17, 1972, five people were arrested for sneaking into the Watergate Building, the headquarters of the US Democratic Party in Washington, DC. Subsequent investigations showed that the Nixon administration took a series of actions to disrupt the electoral process, and breaking into the watergate was just one of them. As a result, several government officials were imprisoned and the president, who had appeared unprecedented in American history, resigned.
A few days after the arrest of the five people, former White House assistant Hunter Jr. and General Counsel Liddy of the Committee for Re-election of the President were charged with theft and wiretapping.
In January 1973, Chief Judge Serica of the District Court of the District of Columbia presided over the trial of 7 defendants. Five of the seven defendants pleaded guilty, and the other two were convicted by the jury.
On March 23, 1973, Judge Serica read out a letter from one of the defendants, McCord. The letter alleges that the White House is still covering up its relationship with breaking into Watergate. McCord also said that the White House had put pressure on the seven defendants to confess their guilt and remain silent. With the White House clearly implicated, President Nixon announced on April 17, 1973 that he had begun a new investigation. On April 30, Nixon publicly stated that he was responsible for the actions of the White House staff involved in the case. He accepted the resignations of consultants Haldeman and Ehrlichman and the Attorney General Crandinst, and announced the dismissal of Dean. However, Nixon insisted that he had no knowledge of political espionage and efforts to cover up mistakes. He chose Harvard University law professor Cox as the special prosecutor for Watergate. Later, the investigation center turned to the Senate, where the special committee on presidential campaign activities (led by Senator Owen Jr.) began to hold public hearings broadcast by television. The Irving Committee found guilty of the White House and members of the campaign committee based on testimony. However, Dean alone proved that President Nixon was directly involved in cover-up activities.
Before July 16, 1973, White House staff Butterfield revealed that all conversations in the president’s office were recorded. The Cox and Irving Committee immediately (July 23) voted to pass the tape. Nixon refused to hand it over on the grounds of administrative privilege and national security. When Judge Serica ordered Nixon to surrender the tapes, Nixon stated that he could provide a text summary of the tapes in question, but in exchange for an agreement not to request presidential documents. Cox refused to accept this suggestion. On October 20, the President ordered Attorney General Richardson to remove the special prosecutor. Richardson and Deputy Minister Raquel Shaws would rather resign and not implement this order. In the end, Cox was relieved of his position by the Deputy Attorney General. The raging waves of mass protest forced Nixon to hand over the tape on October 24. But Serica wanted 9 sets, and he only surrendered 7 sets. The White House claimed that the other two games simply did not exist. On May 20, Judge Serica ordered Nixon to submit other tapes to Special Counsel Jawaski.
From July 27th to 30th, the House Judiciary Committee passed the impeachment case.
On August 5, the President submitted three tapes of the text, which clearly showed that the President was involved in the cover-up activities. So Nixon lost his last supporter in Congress. He announced his resignation on August 8 and left the White House at 11:35 the next morning. On September 8, 1974, the successor President Ford granted Nixon an unconditional pardon without further punishment.
On May 31, 2005, the former deputy director of the FBI, Mark Felt, admitted that he was the person who was once called the "deep throat" in the "Watergate" incident and provided Nixon to the reporter of the Washington Post. The key clue to the President's "Watergate Incident". On December 18, 2008, "Deep Throat" Felt passed away at the age of 95.
In 1972, the American "Washington Post" reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Burns smashed the inside story of the "Watergate" based on insider "deep throat" news, leading to the resignation of the then US President Nixon. The two reporters have always refused to disclose the identity of the informant at the time, but the editor-in-chief Simmons quoted the name of a well-known pornographic film at the time, "Deep Throat," as the pseudonym of the informer.
Sunday, June 18, 1972. The warm sunshine, fresh sea breeze, dense woods, and soft sandy beaches constitute a wonderful early summer seaside landscape. There are also several villas in the painting, which are the residence of the President of the United States in Biscayne Bay, Florida. President Nixon, who is on vacation here, feels as good as the weather and scenery. Four months ago, from February 21st to 27th, President Nixon, accompanied by his chief foreign policy adviser, Dr. Kissinger, paid a historic visit to the People’s Republic of China, which ended more than 20 years between the two countries. Hostile state. This move won widespread praise from the world's public opinion and the universal welcome of the American people, and Nixon's reputation was greatly boosted. One month ago, from May 22 to 28, Nixon went to Moscow for talks with the leaders of the Soviet Union, and reached an agreement to limit the two anti-ballistic missile launch sites for the United States and the Soviet Union, and the world is in an ever-increasing arms race. I saw a glimmer of restraint in the game. President Nixon, who has a series of impressive achievements, has reached the end of his term this year, and he is confidently embarking on preparations for his re-election campaign. On this holiday, he still had a campaign memo in his briefcase. On his desk, there is the book "Victory and Tragedy" by Churchill, the former British Prime Minister, who recalled the Second World War. He has read this book several times, and he wants to get further useful enlightenment from it. Nixon did not realize that as he climbed to the peak of victory, tragedy was also quietly hitting him. At this moment, Nixon was sitting on the sofa, casually scanning the day's newspaper. He has a habit of reading early, and reading a newspaper is as essential as eating breakfast. A small piece of news on the left side of the first page of the "Miami Herald" caught his attention, with the headline: "Miami people who attempted to install a bug in the Democratic Party headquarters were detained in Washington." It was really interesting to go to the headquarters of his competitor, the Democratic Party, to conduct wiretapping. Nixon couldn't help but watched it. According to reports, five people were arrested in the Watergate Building in Washington yesterday (June 17) night, where the Democratic National Committee headquarters is located. Of these five people, four came from Miami, one of them claimed to be an employee of the Central Intelligence Agency, and the other three were Cubans. They carried cameras and electronic reconnaissance equipment with them. They were discovered while wearing rubber gloves to install an eavesdropping device and were arrested on the spot. According to Nixon’s own memoirs, his first feeling was that the news was ridiculous. Cubans would be joking when they came to the headquarters of the US Democratic Party to install a bug. So, he put the newspaper aside and plunged into the sea freely for a long time. Later, he even felt that this was good news for his re-election because it could state that McGovern, the Democratic presidential candidate and opponent known as the “Left”, had always adopted a policy of humility towards the Cuban Castro regime. Cuban nationals in the United States were afraid of this, so they carried out theft at the headquarters of the Democratic Party. The spread of such news can severely hit the Democratic Party. However, things are not as simple and satisfactory as Nixon imagined. Among the five arrested, McCord, who claimed to be an employee of the CIA, was actually a security adviser to Nixon’s "Presidential Re-election Committee". The remaining four were not Cubans and were probably employed by " Agents of the "Presidential Re-election Committee". One stone stirred up a thousand waves. The arrest of McCord and others with such prospects quickly turned the Watergate Incident into explosive news of national concern and hype in the press. Mitchell, who specifically resigned from the post of Attorney General and served as chairman of Nixon’s re-election committee, had to declare to the press that the actions of the five people arrested in the Watergate Tower were purely their personal actions and had nothing to do with this committee. . The Democratic Party launched an offensive. They filed a civil lawsuit against the presidential re-election committee and this group of thieves, demanding compensation of US$1 million, which was later increased to US$6.4 million. At the time, they did not expect that they could have gotten more-of course, not the amount of money. Two days later, on the morning of June 20, a message in the Washington Post disturbed Nixon. The report said that from the address book carried by the arrested personnel, it was found that a former CIA agent who had served in the White House was Howard Hunter, who worked under Nixon’s senior adviser Coleson. The White House, which heard the news, seemed to have suffered an earthquake. Nixon, who had just returned to Washington from his vacation yesterday, immediately summoned his confidant, the White House Chief of Staff Holdman, to discuss the matter after seeing the paper. More than an hour passed quickly, and it seems that a perfect countermeasure has not been found. Continue to discuss the same issue in the afternoon. Nixon, who was unclear and afraid of being implicated, first asked Haldeman to tell him truthfully whether among our "owners", no matter what level of officials we belonged to, had already involved us in this embarrassing situation. Then, we will study together all the current investigations and confessions. If we conduct in-depth investigations, will the Democratic Party seize the handle and be detrimental to our election. According to Nixon’s diary, Mitchell once mysteriously told Holdman on the phone not to get involved in the case. But at this time Haldeman assured Nixon that the White House officials would not be involved in this case, and Mitchell was not involved in this matter, so you can rest assured. Hearing this assurance, Nixon was worried about being replaced by confidence, and he decided to adopt an offensive strategy. However, Haldeman also told him that the principal investigating Operation Watergate had spotted Gordon Liddy, the legal counsel of the Finance Group of the re-election committee. The money Cod carried with him was probably from the re-election committee. "The Federal Investigation Agency must be prevented from tracing the source of that money!" Nixon said beyond doubt. Later, a senior CIA official authorized to call the acting director of the Federal Investigation Bureau, asking him to "leave it alone", because there has long been an agreement between the two bureaus not to interfere with each other's secret operations. Although the White House used its ruling power to cover up and obstruct, the investigation of the Watergate incident by the prosecutors is still ongoing. On September 15th, after obtaining the necessary evidence, five people including McCord, who were arrested on the spot in this incident, were prosecuted in accordance with the law. At the same time, the CIA agent Howard Hunter and the fight for the president were also prosecuted. Gordon Liddy, the legal counsel of the re-election committee. Despite the shadow of the Watergate incident, Nixon's re-election campaign was still very impressive. On October 26th, before the election, Kissinger’s special envoy, who returned from Paris, announced to the American people the results of a series of secret talks between him and the representative of North Vietnam, Li Deshou, declaring: "Peace is coming." It adds another strong stroke. Nixon laughed mercilessly at his rival Democratic presidential candidate McGovern and others as "the radical group that laughs at our country's past and will hinder its future." He criticized McGovern's excuse for attacking his government as "the most corrupt government" in the Watergate Incident: "It has become fashionable to criticize the American system over the years. Critics insist that it is so biased and so. Corruption, so unrighteous, that we should destroy it and replace it with something else. I totally disagree, I believe in the American system." McGovern is obviously not Nixon’s opponent. Nixon, who was known for being good at speech and debate in middle school, Ingeniously blaming him and his government for corruption has turned into an attack on the corruption of the American system. Although many facts about the Watergate incident have been revealed, American voters seem to care less about it. They value the achievements of the Nixon administration. Therefore, the results of the general election announced on November 7th, Nixon won 61% of the voters and 520 votes. Electoral votes, and McGovern only got 34% of the voters and 17 electoral votes. This is the rare occasion in the history of the U.S. presidential election in which such a disparate number of votes has been used to determine the outcome. The members of the presidential re-election campaign committee headed by Mitchell were all overjoyed. They seemed to forget that there are seven "brothers" who are being interrogated in prisons that have lost their freedom due to the Watergate Incident. Nixon was full of spring breeze, took office and began a new term of presidency. In his re-election speech on January 20, 1973, he did not forget to criticize his opponent: "At every critical moment, we are always troubled by people who think that America is useless and rarely correct. However, I am convinced. , This is not history’s judgment on us having the privilege of experiencing these extraordinary times.” In his speech, he proudly used a series of words, “What makes us proud is...”, declaring that “the experience of the United States in this century is in the history of the world. unparalleled". However, the shadow of the Watergate incident did not dissipate because of Nixon's spring breeze, on the contrary, he was forced to step by step. When Nixon delivered his re-election speech on stage, the trial of the Watergate defendant was also rushing. The trial began on January 8. The defendant began to confess the facts of the crime under tremendous pressure, and some publicly pleaded guilty to various charges. What explanations did they make? Will they involve bigger figures in the White House? Also, will all the efforts made to conceal the truth be self-defeating and try to cover up, but add new evidence? All of this filled the White House with an atmosphere of anxiety, and Nixon and his confidant officials were even more restless and frequent insomnia. Should have been immersed in the joy of victory in the re-election campaign, Nixon was frustrated by the shadow of the Watergate incident. At this time, he seemed to have realized that blocking the investigation from the beginning was a mistake, and it was a bigger mistake than installing the tapping device itself at the Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate Building. However, in order to maintain one's own identity and image, even if this path is wrong, he must continue unswervingly. The precarious White House seems to be suffering from the increasing aftershocks after the earthquake. Who can guarantee that this is not a precursor to another bigger "earthquake"? 34% of the voters' votes and 17 electoral votes. This is the rare occasion in the history of the U.S. presidential election where such a wide range of votes has been used to determine the outcome. The members of the presidential reelection campaign committee headed by Mitchell were all overjoyed. They seemed to forget that there were seven "brothers" who were being interrogated in prisons that had lost their freedom due to the Watergate Incident. Nixon was full of spring breeze, took office and began a new term of presidency. In his re-election speech on January 20, 1973, he had not forgotten to criticize his opponent: "At every critical moment, we are always troubled by people who think that America is useless and rarely correct. However, I am convinced. , This is not history’s judgment on us having the privilege of experiencing these extraordinary times.” In his speech, he proudly used a series of words, “What makes us proud is...”, declaring that “the experience of the United States in this century is in the history of the world. unparalleled". However, the shadow of the Watergate incident did not dissipate because of Nixon's spring breeze, on the contrary, he was forced to step by step. When Nixon delivered his re-election speech on stage, the trial of the Watergate defendant was also rushing. The trial began on January 8. The defendant began to confess the facts of the crime under tremendous pressure, and some publicly pleaded guilty to various charges. What explanations did they make? Will they involve bigger figures in the White House? Also, will all the efforts made to conceal the truth be self-defeating and try to cover up, but add new evidence? All of this filled the White House with an atmosphere of anxiety, and Nixon and his confidant officials were even more restless and frequent insomnia. Should have been immersed in the joy of victory in the re-election campaign, Nixon was frustrated by the shadow of the Watergate incident. At this time, he seemed to have realized that it was a mistake to prevent the investigation from the beginning, and it was a bigger mistake than installing the wiretapping device itself at the Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate Building. However, in order to maintain one's own identity and image, even if this path is wrong, he must continue unswervingly. The precarious White House seems to be suffering from the increasing aftershocks after the earthquake. Who can guarantee that this is not a precursor to another bigger "earthquake"? 34% of the voters' votes and 17 electoral votes. This is the rare occasion in the history of the U.S. presidential election in which such a disparate number of votes has been used to determine the outcome. The members of the presidential reelection campaign committee headed by Mitchell were all overjoyed. They seemed to forget that there were seven "brothers" who were being interrogated in prisons that had lost their freedom due to the Watergate Incident. Nixon was full of spring breeze, took office and began a new term of presidency. In his re-election speech on January 20, 1973, he had not forgotten to criticize his opponent: "At every critical moment, we are always troubled by people who think that America is useless and rarely correct. However, I am convinced. , This is not history’s judgment on us having the privilege of experiencing these extraordinary times.” In his speech, he proudly used a series of words, “What makes us proud is...”, declaring that “the experience of the United States in this century is in the history of the world. unparalleled". However, the shadow of the Watergate incident did not dissipate because of Nixon's spring breeze, on the contrary, he was forced to step by step. When Nixon delivered his re-election speech on stage, the trial of the Watergate defendant was also rushing. The trial began on January 8. The defendant began to confess the facts of the crime under tremendous pressure, and some publicly pleaded guilty to various charges. What explanations did they make? Will they involve bigger figures in the White House? Also, will all the efforts made to conceal the truth be self-defeating and try to cover up, but add new evidence? All of this filled the White House with an atmosphere of anxiety, and Nixon and his confidant officials were even more restless and frequent insomnia. Should have been immersed in the joy of victory in the re-election campaign, Nixon was frustrated by the shadow of the Watergate incident. At this time, he seemed to have realized that blocking the investigation from the beginning was a mistake, and it was a bigger mistake than installing the tapping device itself at the Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate Building. However, in order to maintain one's own identity and image, even if this path is wrong, he must continue unswervingly. The precarious White House seems to be suffering from the increasing aftershocks after the earthquake. Who can guarantee that this is not a precursor to another bigger "earthquake"? In his re-election speech on January 20, he did not forget to criticize his opponent: "At every critical moment, we are always troubled by people who think that the United States is useless and rarely correct. But I am convinced that this is not. History judges that we are fortunate enough to experience these extraordinary times." In his speech, he proudly used a series of words, "What makes us proud is...", declaring that "the American experience in this century is unparalleled in the history of the world." . However, the shadow of the Watergate incident did not dissipate because of Nixon's spring breeze, on the contrary, he was forced to step by step. When Nixon delivered his re-election speech on stage, the trial of the Watergate defendant was also rushing. The trial began on January 8. The defendant began to confess the facts of the crime under tremendous pressure, and some publicly pleaded guilty to various charges. What explanations did they make? Will they involve bigger figures in the White House? Also, will all the efforts made to conceal the truth be self-defeating and try to cover up, but add new evidence? All of this filled the White House with an atmosphere of anxiety, and Nixon and his confidant officials were even more restless and frequent insomnia. Should have been immersed in the joy of victory in the re-election campaign, Nixon was frustrated by the shadow of the Watergate incident. At this time, he seemed to have realized that blocking the investigation from the beginning was a mistake, and it was a bigger mistake than installing the tapping device itself at the Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate Building. However, in order to maintain one's own identity and image, even if this path is wrong, he must continue unswervingly. The precarious White House seems to be suffering from the increasing aftershocks after the earthquake. Who can guarantee that this is not a precursor to another bigger "earthquake"? In his re-election speech on January 20, he did not forget to criticize his opponent: "At every critical moment, we are always troubled by people who think that the United States is useless and rarely correct. But I am convinced that this is not. History judges that we are fortunate enough to experience these extraordinary times." In his speech, he proudly used a series of words, "What makes us proud is...", declaring that "the American experience in this century is unparalleled in the history of the world." . However, the shadow of the Watergate incident did not dissipate because of Nixon's spring breeze, on the contrary, he was forced to step by step. When Nixon delivered his re-election speech on stage, the trial of the Watergate defendant was also rushing. The trial began on January 8. The defendant began to confess the facts of the crime under tremendous pressure, and some publicly pleaded guilty to various charges. What explanations did they make? Will they involve bigger figures in the White House? Also, will all the efforts made to conceal the truth be self-defeating and try to cover up, but add new evidence? All of this filled the White House with an atmosphere of anxiety, and Nixon and his confidant officials were even more restless and frequent insomnia. Should have been immersed in the joy of victory in the re-election campaign, Nixon was frustrated by the shadow of the Watergate incident. At this time, he seemed to have realized that it was a mistake to prevent the investigation from the beginning, and it was a bigger mistake than installing the wiretapping device itself at the Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate Building. However, in order to maintain one's own identity and image, even if this path is wrong, he must continue unswervingly. The precarious White House seems to be suffering from the increasing aftershocks after the earthquake. Who can guarantee that this is not a precursor to another bigger "earthquake"? When Nixon delivered his re-election speech on stage, the trial of the Watergate defendant was also rushing. The trial began on January 8. The defendant began to confess the facts of the crime under tremendous pressure, and some publicly pleaded guilty to various charges. What explanations did they make? Will they involve bigger figures in the White House? Also, will all the efforts made to conceal the truth be self-defeating and try to cover up, but add new evidence? All of this filled the White House with an atmosphere of anxiety, and Nixon and his confidant officials were even more restless and frequent insomnia. Should have been immersed in the joy of victory in the re-election campaign, Nixon was frustrated by the shadow of the Watergate incident. At this time, he seemed to have realized that blocking the investigation from the beginning was a mistake, and it was a bigger mistake than installing the tapping device itself at the Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate Building. However, in order to maintain one's own identity and image, even if this path is wrong, he must continue unswervingly. The precarious White House seems to be suffering from the increasing aftershocks after the earthquake. Who can guarantee that this is not a precursor to another bigger "earthquake"? When Nixon delivered his re-election speech on stage, the trial of the Watergate defendant was also rushing. The trial began on January 8. The defendant began to confess the facts of the crime under tremendous pressure, and some publicly pleaded guilty to various charges. What explanations did they make? Will they involve bigger figures in the White House? Also, will all the efforts made to conceal the truth be self-defeating and try to cover up, but add new evidence? All of this filled the White House with an atmosphere of anxiety, and Nixon and his confidant officials were even more restless and frequent insomnia. Should have been immersed in the joy of victory in the re-election campaign, Nixon was frustrated by the shadow of the Watergate incident. At this time, he seemed to have realized that blocking the investigation from the beginning was a mistake, and it was a bigger mistake than installing the tapping device itself at the Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate Building. However, in order to maintain one's own identity and image, even if this path is wrong, he must continue unswervingly. The precarious White House seems to be suffering from the increasing aftershocks after the earthquake. Who can guarantee that this is not a precursor to another bigger "earthquake"?
[Edit this paragraph] After losing his pawn to protect his car, the President wailed his tears
One wave has not settled, another wave has risen. President Nixon, who had wanted to use offense as defense, was gradually in a situation where he could not defend himself. Nixon wrote anxiously in his diary on February 14, 1973: "I can expect that if the judge called Hunter before him and intimidated him with a 35-year sentence, he would most likely be exempted from punishment. Tell everything you know." Hunter, the CIA agent, was not only involved in the five criminals who sneaked into the Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate Building, but he was also involved with Lidi, the legal counsel of the presidential re-election committee. Under the connivance of the White House, he broke into the office of Ellsberg, a psychotherapist, in an attempt to steal materials that harmed Ellsberg. This Ellsberg once submitted the Pentagon’s secret materials about the Vietnam War to the newspaper for publication, which was not good for the Nixon administration. The government prosecuted him for embezzling documents and is on trial. The White House clearly wanted to kill him. Once this incident was revealed, wouldn't it be another "earthquake". How to keep Hunter silent, or never confess to the patrons behind the scenes, is a tricky business. On the morning of March 21, in Nixon's Oval Office, the President and his legal counsel John Dean were discussing. "Hunter wrote to a lawyer on the re-election committee asking for 12. 20,000 US dollars, as personal and lawyer expenses. He even set a deadline for payment. Dean informed Nixon of the situation. "How much money do they want?" "Nixon knew that with the first payment, there would be a second and third payment; with the first person, there would be a second and a third person. "During the entire litigation period, at least 1 million will be paid to each defendant. . "Dean reported a large number. Although this number is not difficult for the President of the United States to achieve, it is a lot of risk after all when the wind is very tight. From Dean's tone. , It seems that he does not want to take any risks. President Nixon, who is riding a tiger, has to follow the established policy. He has twice assured the public that he and the White House he leads are innocent in the Watergate case. Investigable. If you back down, wouldn't he and his government become discredited liars and liars. "Maybe we are doing it wrong," Nixon said slowly and firmly, "but at this moment, Don't you agree that the best way out is to properly deal with Hunter's problem? I think, at this moment, this is worth doing. He apparently placed his bet on keeping the defendant tight-lipped. He is the reigning president and has supreme power. This may make sense for him. Because if these defendants take the money, they want to be free, even if the court decides. He was severely sentenced and, as the president, he had the power to amnesty criminals. With the president as a strong backing, smart defendants would not confide facts against the president and the White House under his leadership. Nixon believed this. Dean promised. In response to the president’s request, my heart seemed to hang 15 buckets. Nixon admitted in his memoirs: “Looking at the end, this day is a tragic turning point in my tenure. This is the fact. Dean, who soon "anti-strike", made Nixon and the White House embarrassed. Not only did Dean mention that several important figures in the White House were related to the case of five thieves sneaking into the Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate Building, but he also confessed. In response to a series of attempts to conceal the truth after the incident, he publicly stated that Haldeman, the White House chief of staff, Erichman, the president’s internal affairs adviser, and himself were all involved in the case and had “obstructed justice”. He also revealed that the president’s personal lawyer Camback had been appointed to raise funds for the defendants in the Watergate case. McCord, who was being tried in prison, also accused the chairman of the President’s Joint Action Committee and the former Attorney General Mi Chel was responsible for their stealing into the Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate Building, and confessed that during the trial, someone said that he could be pardoned, but he was silent in exchange. The federal district court judge in charge of the Watergate case also seemed determined to have trouble with the White House. In the sentencing at the end of March, McCord, the first defendant who brought politicians into the incident, was given lenient treatment and released on bail, while the remaining four defendants who sneaked into the Watergate Tower were given a heavy sentence for the time being. Sentenced to 40 years in prison; Hunter and Liddy, who were involved in this case and also guilty of stealing in the office of Dr. Ellsberg, were temporarily sentenced to 35 years in prison, while the latter had refused to speak. He was guilty of contempt of court and was temporarily sentenced to 6 years and 8 months’ imprisonment and a fine of 40,000 yuan. The pronouncement of the disparity in severity has formed a huge deterrent to the defendant who still has a fluke mentality and is unwilling to disclose all the facts. Nixon knew that such a verdict was too heavy and even arrogant, because the verdict on some murderers would not be so; but he had to admit that it was a civilized strategy adopted by the district court judge to prompt the defendant to say Truth be told, because their verdict is not the final verdict. If you frankly confessed, and the accusation is meritorious, McCord is their role model. As the truth of the Watergate Incident continued to be revealed, the sentiment was inflamed, and public opinion raged. Nixon's line of defense is so fragile that it has reached the point where it is difficult to pass without a few scapegoats. On a Sunday afternoon in mid-April, Richard Crandinster, who succeeded Mitchell as Attorney General, hurriedly asked President Nixon to tell him something important. Nixon, who had no intention of taking a holiday and was holding an afternoon religious service at the White House, went into the office to talk secretly with him immediately after the ceremony. Clandinster omitted the roundabout polite words and told the president bluntly: "Dean has sued us. Haldeman and Erichman are believed to be the masterminds authorized to break into the Watergate Tower." No, it's impossible." Nixon almost yelled in surprise, and then he asked his attorney general dubiously: "Really?" Crandinster did not answer directly, and said: "Let the Director of Criminal Affairs come to talk. , What do you think?" Nixon nodded. After a while, Henry Paterson, Director of the Criminal Division of the Ministry of Justice, wearing a dirty T-shirt, a pair of wet jeans and a pair of tennis shoes, walked in under the leadership of Crandinster. Nixon's office. He was called when he was washing the yacht, and he didn't even have time to change his clothes. It was really disrespectful for the subordinate officials to dress up to the White House. If they had to be bombed out in peacetime, Nixon only frowned this time and asked him to get the information about Dean's accusations one by one. The minister hesitated for a while, glanced at the minister next to him, and was getting After the "tell the truth" eyes hinted, he reported on how Dean accused Haldeman, the president's office director, and Erichman, the interior adviser, of being involved in the Watergate criminal case. In the end, he boldly suggested: "They should be allowed. Two resignations, otherwise there will be trouble and it will embarrass you and your presidency." Nixon listened in silence, thought, and stared at the ceiling without saying a word for a while. Minister Crandinster and Minister Paterson looked at each other, at a loss. "You go," Nixon said weakly. Only the contemplative Nixon was left in the large office. "What a Dean who eats inside and out!" Nixon wanted to put pressure on him to make him understand that being president can prevent him from obtaining administrative immunity. In the end, he would be tortured, but he was worried that he would be rushed, and he might be targeted at the accusation. Turn directly to him. "I don't have much control in Dean's hands." Nixon secretly cheered up for himself. Although he did not authorize anyone in advance to break into the Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate Building to install a wiretapping device such a stupid thing, can he escape the blame by cover-up actions afterwards? When he thought of this, his heart felt a little guilty. Although he and Dean, the young legal adviser, were discussing cover-up countermeasures, no third party could prove it, but who can guarantee that he did not leave any evidence that could be used as evidence? Thinking hard and racking his brains, he still did not find what he was satisfied with. Countermeasures. I want to find a few confidant consultants to brainstorm ideas, but many people are already involved in the Watergate case. If another consultant like Dean's "anti-fighting" appears, it will not be even worse. It seemed that the only way to change from offensive to defensive was to retreat to advance. "Lost the pawn and protect the car" was a wise choice. Nixon finally made up his mind. A few days later, Haldeman and Ehrlichman were summoned to the president's office. Nixon told them about the last time the Attorney General and the head of the criminal department of the Ministry spoke to them, and then he gently asked them to make an idea. These two men were Nixon's right-hand men and loyal friends for many years. They made great contributions to his getting the presidency. Now, asking Nixon to tell them to resign is actually expelling them from the White House. Haldeman and Ehrlichman were apparently stunned by the fact that the President introduced them against them. Although these facts have been experienced by them, once they were charged as criminal evidence, they never expected them. The chief of staff and internal affairs adviser, who is very sensitive and particularly able to understand the president's intentions, can only swallow the bitter glass of resignation at this moment in order to preserve the face of the president and the White House. "We will face all of this realistically." When Haldeman and Ehrlichman said this, their eyes were a little red and the nose began to sore. The three were relatively speechless. No one said the two embarrassing words "resign", but everyone knew it very well. It's better to be tacitly aware of each other, of course their respective moods are different. Nixon later described his mood at the time in his memoirs: "It's really selfish for me to ask them to leave for my own survival; but I'm not cruel enough to hurt the people I care deeply about. I worry about them. The blow I suffered when I was forced to resign, but I am even more worried about the blow they will suffer if they do not stay.” “My problem now is that I must expel a few friends who have done some things that I have a share of.” On the evening of April 30, Nixon delivered a speech to the whole country. He reiterated that he was not involved in the Watergate Incident, but went on to say that he would take responsibility for those subordinates who "may have made a mistake in something they originally believed to be right." Nixon took this opportunity to announce: "Today, I made the most difficult decision during my tenure. I accepted the resignation of the two closest members of the White House. They are Haldeman and Ehrlichman. Two of the best civil servants I have had the honor to meet." With such a compliment, he sent a compliment to a friend who was forced to resign, not so much as a comfort to his friend, but to make his heart feel better. . At the same time, it was announced that he had resigned, the adviser Dean, and the Attorney General Crandinster; if the former is not cleared from the White House, how can Nixon’s hatred be resolved, and the latter resigned because of his Some close colleagues may be "involved in certain actions that violate US laws." Nixon acted in a modern drama of "slashing the horse with tears". However, just as Ma Di was beheaded and could not regain the lost street pavilion, could Nixon, who lost his "pawn", keep his "car"? "It's really selfish for me to ask them to quit for my own survival; but I am not so cruel enough to harm those whom I care deeply about. I worry about the blow they were forced to resign, but I am more I am worried about the blow they will not leave." "My problem now is that I must expel a few friends who have done some things that I share." On the evening of April 30, Nixon delivered a speech to the whole country. He reiterated that he was not involved in the Watergate Incident, but went on to say that he would take responsibility for his subordinates who "may have made a mistake in something they originally believed to be right." Nixon took this opportunity to announce: "Today, I made the most difficult decision during my tenure. I accepted the resignation of the two closest members of the White House. They are Haldeman and Ehrlichman. Two of the best civil servants I have had the honor to meet." With such a compliment, he sent a compliment to a friend who was forced to resign, not so much as a comfort to his friend, but to make his heart feel better. . At the same time, it was announced that he had resigned, the adviser Dean, and the Attorney General Crandinster; if the former is not cleared from the White House, how can Nixon’s hatred be resolved, and the latter resigned because of his Some close colleagues may be "involved in certain actions that violate US laws." Nixon performed a modern drama of "slashing the horse with tears". However, just as Ma Di was beheaded and could not regain the lost street pavilion, could Nixon, who lost his "pawn", keep his "car"? "It's really selfish for me to ask them to leave for my own survival; but I'm not cruel enough to harm those whom I care deeply about with peace of mind. I worry about the blow they will receive when they are forced to resign, but I am more I am worried about the blow they will not leave." "My problem now is that I must expel a few friends who have done some things that I share." On the evening of April 30, Nixon delivered a speech to the whole country. He reiterated that he was not involved in the Watergate Incident, but went on to say that he would take responsibility for those subordinates who "may have made a mistake in something they originally believed to be right." Nixon took this opportunity to announce: "Today, I made the most difficult decision during my tenure. I accepted the resignation of the two closest members of the White House. They are Haldeman and Ehrlichman. Two of the best civil servants I have had the honor to meet." With such a compliment, he sent a compliment to a friend who was forced to resign, not so much as a comfort to his friend, but to make his heart feel better. . At the same time, it was announced that he had resigned, the adviser Dean, and the Attorney General Crandinster; if the former is not cleared from the White House, how can Nixon’s hatred be resolved, and the latter resigned because of his Some close colleagues may be "involved in certain actions that violate US laws." Nixon acted in a modern drama of "slashing the horse with tears". However, just as Ma Di was beheaded and could not regain the lost street pavilion, could Nixon, who lost his "pawn", keep his "car"? Take responsibility. Nixon took this opportunity to announce: "Today, I made the most difficult decision during my tenure. I accepted the resignation of the two closest members of the White House. They are Haldeman and Ehrlichman. Two of the best civil servants I have had the honor to meet." With such a compliment, he sent a compliment to a friend who was forced to resign, not so much as a comfort to his friend, but to make his heart feel better. . At the same time, it was announced that he had resigned, the adviser Dean, and the Attorney General Crandinster; if the former is not cleared from the White House, how can Nixon’s hatred be resolved, and the latter resigned because of his Some close colleagues may be "involved in certain actions that violate US laws." Nixon performed a modern drama of "slashing the horse with tears". However, just as Ma Di was beheaded and could not regain the lost street pavilion, could Nixon, who lost his "pawn", keep his "car"? Take responsibility. Nixon took this opportunity to announce: "Today, I made the most difficult decision during my tenure. I accepted the resignation of the two closest members of the White House. They are Haldeman and Ehrlichman. Two of the best civil servants I have had the honor to meet." With such a compliment, he sent a compliment to a friend who was forced to resign, not so much as a comfort to his friend, but to make his heart feel better. . At the same time, it was announced that he had resigned, the adviser Dean, and the Attorney General Crandinster; if the former is not cleared from the White House, how can Nixon’s hatred be resolved, and the latter resigned because of his Some close colleagues may be "involved in certain actions that violate US laws." Nixon acted in a modern drama of "slashing the horse with tears". However, just as Ma Di was beheaded and could not regain the lost street pavilion, could Nixon, who lost his "pawn", keep his "car"?
[Edit this paragraph] Pursuing him, Nixon jumped into the Yellow River and couldn't clear it
. The investigation into the Watergate incident was not stopped because the implicated senior White House official resigned. Instead, the investigation was tightened. Nixon knew very well who was the target of the next investigation. "I must work hard to deal with them." Nixon secretly cheered himself up. He appointed Secretary of Defense Elliott Richardson to replace Crandinster, who had resigned, to become Attorney General, and granted him full powers to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate the Watergate incident. This appointment was quickly confirmed by the Senate. Nixon wanted to adopt such a positive posture to show that he had a clear heart in the Watergate case and at the same time could effectively control the judicial investigation of this case, but it was later proved that he was wrong again. The newly appointed Attorney General Richardson chose Archibald Cox, a well-known professor at Harvard Law School, as the special prosecutor to investigate the Watergate incident. Perhaps Richardson also wanted to make a gesture, regardless of party affiliation, and not caring that Cox was a Democrat, so that people felt that he was impartial and honest. But Nixon seemed to have been hit in the head, and in consternation, he secretly groaned in his heart. In Nixon's view, Cox was a fanatic with partisan prejudices. He and his subordinates determined the goal of removing Nixon from the presidential throne without investigation.
Sadly, it is the President himself who, through the attorney general, gave Cox the power to achieve their goals. Now, Nixon is in a position of being attacked. Cox's new official burned the fire immediately after taking office, and immediately began to ask the White House for the relevant files to conduct in-depth investigations. The Senate Watergate Special Investigation Committee, chaired by Democratic Senator Sam Irving, requires relevant White House officials to accept questions from the committee at any time. Dean, the former White House legal adviser, had testified before the Irving Commission of Inquiry for 5 consecutive days. His opening statement was 345 pages long and read for a whole day. One of them insisted that Nixon had tried every means to cover up since the Watergate incident. Work. In order to confirm what Dean said, members of the committee unanimously asked for public access to the president’s relevant files. It was even suggested that President Nixon was called to testify in person. He couldn't back down anymore, and Nixon immediately reacted like this when he heard the news.
On July 7, 1973, Nixon sent a letter to Irving reminding him of the fact that as early as 1953, President Truman had been summoned by Congress to attend a committee, but he refused. As president, he has his own dignity and this right. Nixon went on to state that I would neither attend the committee to testify nor submit documents to the committee, like Truman. Five days later, Irving wrote back to the White House, stating that the “two no” position might “inevitably lead to a serious possibility of confrontation with the basic constitution”. On this day, Nixon felt severe pain in his chest when he got up and was admitted to the Naval Hospital. During his hospital stay, Nixon heard a news that made him even more heartbroken: his deputy Alexander Butterfield leaked the "secret" to the Senate Special Investigation Committee: Since March 1971, the White House has installed a device that can automatically record conversations. Secret recording system, all the president's conversations in the office, there are audio tapes for exam preparation. In this regard, Special Attorney Cox was encouraged by the fact that this was the most powerful evidence to prove the president's innocence, and requested the White House to immediately surrender the relevant tapes. The Senate Special Investigation Committee also made the same request. The press caught this explosive news and made a big fuss, and the public's response was particularly strong. The truth about whether the President and the government under his leadership are fraudulent or not will be revealed through audio tapes. This is really exciting news.
The headline of the "New York Daily News" ironically read: "Nixon tapped his office." Nixon was like an ant on a hot pot, too anxious to know what to do. He couldn't remember every instruction and every sentence he gave after the Watergate Incident happened, but he knew whether there were criminal evidence that concealed the truth and hindered the investigation. Therefore, his instinctive reaction is that he must take advantage of the privileges enjoyed by the president and must not disclose the contents of the audio tape. As a result, a protracted lawsuit was held over whether to hand in the audio tapes or not. Special Attorney Cox pursued it, and Nixon had to hand over the tape. It seems that he has a clear clue, and even directly pointed out and asked for the recording of two conversations between Nixon and his office director Haldeman on June 20 last year, three days after the Watergate incident. Nixon stood firm and emphasized that in accordance with the principle of separation of powers, the president has the right to refuse the special prosecutor’s enlistment order if he believes it would violate the privileges of government departments. The lawsuit first started in the Federal District Court. On August 29, the presiding judge of the district court Seriga ruled that Nixon lost the case. Although Nixon could not say that he was not mentally prepared for this ruling, after all, there has never been such a precedent in the history of the United States. The court ordered the president to hand over materials that he did not want to hand over. Therefore, he was shocked when he heard the news of losing the case. He decided to appeal to the Federal Supreme Court. The leak in the house was caught in the rain.
Nixon’s partner, Vice President Spiro Agnew, was accused of accepting bribes during his tenure as the governor and vice president of Maryland and faced prosecution and conviction. Although this is his personal problem, it is inevitable that the image of the Nixon administration will be damaged. On October 10, Vice President Agnew publicly stated that he would no longer defend the accusation of evading income tax, and offered to resign as a condition for the withdrawal of further prosecution against him. Two days later, Nixon nominated Gerald Ford, the leader of the Republican Party in the House of Representatives and known for his integrity and friendship with few political opponents, to succeed him as Vice President. Agnew's resignation made Nixon very emotional. "A careless move will result in a loss of every game." In a person's life, there are not only flat roads, but also rapids and shoals and reefs. "Is it the same for my final ending? No, I am not Agnew. I shouldn't fail, and I must never fail!" From the time he was a student until he stepped into politics, Nixon, who was worried about being passive and weak, began. Use the power it possesses to fight back. He first operated on the special prosecutor. Nixon asked Attorney General Richardson to remove Cox from his position, thereby stopping his investigation of the Watergate incident. Unexpectedly, Richardson, a member of his old cabinet and one of his closest aides, refused to implement the president's instructions. Richardson was very clear about what it meant to refuse to implement the presidential order, so on October 20, he formally resigned. At the same time, the Deputy Minister of Justice Rachel Shaw also resigned. Nixon was caught off guard and had to temporarily appoint an acting attorney general.
In the afternoon, White House Press Secretary Ziegler announced to reporters that the Attorney General and his deputies had resigned. At the same time, he announced that Cox was being fired by the Acting Attorney General and his Watergate Special Attorney Office would follow suit. Revocation, its work affairs are returned to the Ministry of Justice for acceptance. It's like blasting a hole in the public's psychological dike, and a raging wave of protests rolls in. Some newspapers even used headlines such as "Executioner: Nixon" to point out that the president who wanted to "kill a hundred" was challenging the law and justice. Public opinion in Congress is simply one-sided, including many members of the Republican Party who felt that the President had done too much and unanimously demanded that the investigation of the Watergate incident should not be handed over to the Department of Justice. A special prosecutor still needs to be appointed to take full responsibility for this work. Nixon, who was hit and beaten as soon as he attacked, had to converge and agreed to the Acting Attorney General's choice of a new special prosecutor to investigate the Watergate case. On November 1, Leon Jaworski, a Democrat from Texas and former president of the American Bar Association, took office. He issued a subpoena shortly after taking office, and still wanted to collect the audio tape of the White House on June 20 last year as evidence. The audio tape entangled Nixon like a ghost possessed. "What shady record is there?" The new Vice President Ford was puzzled and took the liberty to suggest that the President hand it over immediately. Because he was assured by Nixon that the President did not do anything wrong in the Watergate incident. "In that case, can't handing over the tapes clear the suspicion that has been placed on the president?" The honest Ford thought. "No, I'm trying to maintain the principle of the presidency of the president. This principle must not be easily betrayed." Nixon explained why he insisted not to hand in the tape. He seemed to see some suspicion in Ford's eyes and said, "If you don't believe it, you can play the recording for you." But Ford declined.
The Christmas of 1973 may be gloomy for Nixon, but it is worth cherishing, because the investigation of the Watergate incident increasingly put him at a disadvantage, and his chance to spend Christmas in the White House may never be gone. Back again. Of course, he didn't realize this at the time, and he didn't want to think about it. However, the psychological defense on whether to hand in audio tapes is retreating. For the part of the tape that you may have to hand over in the end, you should listen to it first, and do some processing work in advance to avoid being passive. Nixon can only make this choice. A piece of news spread like wildfire in the White House, and then it was hyped up by public opinion: As important evidence, on the morning of June 20 last year, Nixon discussed with Haldeman on how to deal with the Watergate incident. There was a blank for 18 and a half minutes. ! The female secretary in charge of recording the president’s conversation, Rose, claimed that she had never done such “technical processing”. If she had made mistakes in her work and accidentally erased some of the recordings, it would not exceed 5 minutes at most. What does the 18-minute blank mean, people can put on the wings of imagination.
At this moment, Nixon was in a terrible mood. He wrote in his memoir: "I understand that most people think I cannot explain the 18-and-a-half-minute gap. This is the most difficult and insulting part of the entire Watergate incident. I also know what if I admit that I erased the blank by myself, or Rose erased it for me, or erased it deliberately at my direct or indirect request, and they would gladly accept it. But I know I didn't erase it; Rose said: “A gap of more than 5 minutes can only be the result of deliberate handling, but I don’t know why anyone would do it.” This Christmas may be the most tragic one in Nixon’s life, ending the president. A week after the resignation press conference, the secret service officer codenamed "Deep Throat" by the media had a private meeting with Nixon. During the meeting, "Deep Throat" revealed a message to the former president: In the United States, the White House is just ordinary people. The center of political power in my mind, and in fact, there is always a power organization in control of the destiny of the United States. All parties work hard for the presidential election every four years, but this mysterious organization has a stable status like the hereditary of the ancient emperor. There is never a reelection election. In the 200-year history of the United States, whether they have always existed, and maybe they can be traced back to the Washington era, we don’t know. On the sky of freedom in the United States, there is a wave hovering in the sky that people can’t see. Airflow, his existence like a god gives people unlimited reverie.
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