Other aspects of interstellar travel, I will not discuss too much. Whether it's the script, the way of camera performance, the acting skills of the actors, and the soundtrack (the music played by Hans), they are all of the first-class level.
(one)
Introduction of Interstellar Crossing Physics Consultant
Kip Stephen Thorne: Currently serving as the Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics at Caltech, he is one of the world leaders in the study of astrophysics under general relativity. On October 3, 2017, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and gravitational wave observations.
So if you want to find theoretical loopholes in interstellar travel, you must have enough data from various astronomical telescopes and extremely precise mathematical calculations. In other words, you have to be an old colleague of Professor Kip, you have to work hard and get more evidence, then when you overthrow Professor Kip's point of view, you have made a contribution to mankind, and you can live on forever. .
But trust me, you won't enjoy a career in theoretical physics.
(two)
A place that is difficult for most moviegoers to understand
1. Why do black holes emit light? Isn’t all light absorbed and unable to come out?
Answer: The range of gravity is limited
Just like the magnet that holds the door, it is impossible to attract the cars on the road. Likewise, singularities cannot absorb light far from the black hole. The black outer surface of the black hole, known as the event horizon, is the last gravitational range where the black hole can twist light 180 degrees. Light cannot escape within this horizon, and light outside this horizon is distorted, but it cannot form a 180-degree twist angle.
2. After falling into the event horizon, isn't even light unable to escape? Why was Cooper finally rescued by human beings and returned to their new home?
Answer: The five-dimensional hypercube in the film is an exceptionally powerful vehicle
Remember what I said before, if you fall inside the event horizon, not even light can escape. Therefore, our escape velocity must be greater than the speed of light. If it is how many times the speed of light, I will not explain it in detail.
In the film, when Cooper falls into the five-dimensional hypercube, it looks like Cooper is falling, but it is not the case. It is the five-dimensional hypercube moving at high speed with Cooper. Beyond our latitudes, multidimensional theory defines a limiting membrane, which is why we exist in the present latitude. Five-dimensional hypercubes are not limited to our low latitudes, can traverse the confinement membrane, and travel outside the confinement membrane at high speed. This motion is incomprehensible to our three-dimensional creatures, but if its speed is measured from our perspective, a five-dimensional hypercube can easily exceed the speed of light, so it can easily escape the black hole.
When the five-dimensional hypercube stopped moving, Cooper floated in the middle, and all the space he saw was his daughter's room, because the five-dimensional hypercube had stopped moving at this time, and it was located in Cooper's home on the earth, his daughter's room near the room.
3. I remember in "One Hundred Thousand Whys" that anyone who falls into a black hole will be ripped apart by the singularity, why is Cooper safe and sound?
Answer: The five-dimensional hypercube saved Cooper
We used to think that the singularity in a black hole is unique. Later, with the development of theoretical knowledge, we speculated that there can be three singularities in a black hole. These three singularities will be encountered in the process of falling, and they are called For, outbound singularity, falling singularity, bkl singularity. I will not discuss in detail how the other two non-classical singularities are generated. We used to think that there was only one bkl singularity. This singularity is brutal and has a huge gravitational force. It can indeed make Cooper go back and forth. But the first two singularities are not the same, the first two are much milder, mild enough to allow Cooper to survive. In the film, the five-dimensional hypercube is placed near the outer flying singularity. When Cooper falls into the hypercube, the hypercube will set off at full speed, without putting Cooper in danger of encountering the bkl singularity. (The black hole in the film is a supermassive black hole. The tidal force near the event horizon of such a black hole is smaller than that of a small black hole, so it will not be torn apart during the falling process.)
4. Why Cooper or the future human beings can travel through time and space? Isn’t this a violation of many time paradoxes? Isn’t time travel forbidden?
Answer: The time-travel in Interstellar does not trigger most of the paradoxes that prevent the realization of time-travel.
Let me explain, the time-travel in Interstellar has a logical closed loop that amazes me.
The first point
Let's look at Cooper's journey first. Cooper sends NASA coordinates, the word stay, and singularity data to his past daughter through a five-dimensional hypercube. Has this happened in the past? All this has happened in the past, which means everything Cooper does in the 5D hypercube is bound to happen, if he doesn't do those things in the 5D hypercube, the past will also happen will not happen. This doesn't violate nearly all paradoxes of avoiding time travel, because Cooper doesn't commit one big taboo: changing the past.
You might ask, what if Cooper fiddles with something else? Wouldn't that be inconsistent with the past, wouldn't that have changed the past? Sadly, Cooper is smart enough to know that this is all he has to do, He didn't do anything superfluous. The fact is that Cooper didn't do anything superfluous, that's the fact, the perfect fact, an amazing coincidence, a doomed event, a beautiful logical closure.
Second point
The wormholes and five-dimensional hypercubes placed by humans in the future have not changed any facts of the past, and they have chosen to let the humans of the past save themselves. What does this show? Even if the human beings in the future become gods of high latitudes, they will not be able to change the past, nor will they be able to erase the fact that the blight of the earth is spreading. This is in line with the time paradox view, we cannot change the facts of the past, we cannot make any changes to our history, otherwise there will be unpredictable consequences.
At this time, if we want to pick on the thorns, we will definitely say, eh, didn’t the wormhole appear suddenly, and it was created out of nothing, didn’t that also change the facts? Actually no, this may be a bit difficult to understand. We suddenly discovered a wormhole. If we take this as a fact, according to the logic of the first point, future human beings, for any reason and for any purpose, will put a worm in this time coordinate and this space coordinate. Hole. They have to put in a wormhole, why? Because that's a fact. No one can change the facts, even if the reason why humans put the wormhole in the future is ridiculous, they will put it, because it must happen.
This logic is terrible. In other words, if it didn't happen in the past, you can't make it happen at all. If it happened in the past, no matter what you do, it will definitely happen, which perfectly fits the logic that the past cannot be changed. So interstellar travel completely abides by the fact that the past cannot be changed.
5. In the five-dimensional hypercube, how did Cooper convey the information to the past?
This involves the concept of a world line. The dense line you see in the picture is the concept of the world line proposed by Einstein. Each particle has a unique world line corresponding to it, and the world line records the time-space position of the particle (the movement trajectory of the particle in the four-dimensional space-time is the world line).
In the five-dimensional hypercube, time is unfolded in its entirety, so you can find every moment in the room. If Cooper changes the world line (state) of any thing in the higher dimension, if the thing is not changed again in the time, the state of the new world line will be maintained. This is why the book can be put back after it falls, because the manipulation of the world line is not only possible in the five-dimensional hypercube. The five-dimensional hypercube just follows the progress of time, showing the state of the world line of things in all time. Because Murphy didn't touch the watch again after he left, the watch has been moving according to the new world line, which conveys Cooper's message. Of course, if you have the heart to repair this watch with important information, it is completely feasible.
6. Is the formula of the old professor's 16 blackboard used to bluff people, what is written on it, and why can humans build such a large space station for all human beings after solving it?
Answer: The formula of 16 blackboard is real physical knowledge, not used to bluff the audience.
The formula of these 16 blackboards was written by the real Professor Kip, the purpose is to understand the essence of gravity, or in other words, what gravity is.
Humans discovered magnets a long time ago. They were fun, and people used them to make simple tools, such as compasses. But people don't know the essence of (electro)magnetism and can only play with the compass. But then people learned that magnetic fields are produced by the movement of electrons, and electric fields can produce magnetic fields. So all electronic devices invented by people will use this principle. The rapid jump of this technology stems from our understanding of what (electro)magnetic force is.
If we understand what gravity really is, we can even manipulate gravity without changing mass. Without the constraints of gravity, the cost of space shuttle lift-off will be greatly reduced. We can even send a house off the planet in its entirety!
This is simply because we can manipulate gravity.
Solving this formula requires enough data, and any current telescope observation is completely unfeasible. But if we observe the black hole singularity, the gravitational monster, we can get enough data to solve the equation.
7. Why does Murphy just understand that the ghost is Cooper in the film? Is this deliberately contrived?
A: Because Murphy is smart enough.
We may hear elders say, "I dreamed that my old man had a dream, the day after tomorrow is the old man's anniversary..." This is not just a phenomenon unique to China, this is a world-class phenomenon. Psychologically speaking, this is a kind of self-psychological suggestion. We are eager to talk to the dead, which gave birth to such a dream. Physically speaking, this could be another human being at high latitudes trying to communicate with us.
Why must it be high latitude? Because there is a feature we have to pay attention to, ghosts can see us and we can't see them, and they can have an impact on three-dimensional objects. This is that the ants can't see us, we can see them, and we can step on the ants with one foot (the perception field of ants is very limited, it can be considered as a two-dimensional plane), because we can perceive more latitudes than ants got one.
In the film, Cooper told Murphy when Murphy was a child that her mother said, "When the children grow up, we will be the ghosts of the children". The ghost in her mother's words is the first psychological explanation. Murphy, who had been studying physics with the professor for many years, returned to her former home and remembered this sentence. Of course, her first reaction would be the second explanation, because she clearly knew that the falling of the book was not a hallucination and could not be explained psychologically. What the ghost confided to himself was the key to the identity of the ghost. The ghost told Cooper not to leave (stay), but told Cooper the address of the space agency. If it's all the same ghost, plus Cooper did leave in the end. That is to say, in a causal relationship, Cooper's departure occurred before the appearance of the ghost, and led to the appearance of the ghost. The ghost tried to prevent Cooper from leaving, but the ghost quickly realized that Cooper had to leave (it is likely that the ghost witnessed Cooper's departure). fact), so the ghost again told Cooper the NASA address.
Then the following relationship is derived:
1. The ghost knows the fact that Cooper is leaving and tries to stop Cooper from leaving.
2. What ghost does satisfies causality (see how interstellar travel does not violate the time paradox).
3. Ghost's original intention was to communicate with Cooper, but it appeared in Murphy's room (indicating that ghost is a person who has a close relationship with Murphy and Cooper).
4. The ghost left strange data on the watch that Cooper sent to Murphy, and this event happened after Cooper left ("after leaving" in terms of causality).
Murphy's mother and grandfather are not satisfied with the above four, and the fact that the ghost knows the NASA address, then the ghost can only be the future Cooper (this is actually the same as "they" is the future human being). When Murphy got the watch, saw strange data...
Murphy suddenly understood that his father did this to the past in the future, in a higher dimension, but his father did not know if it was possible for her to go back to her former home and look at this watch again. Hope and possibility rest on his love for Murphy and Murphy's love for him.
Cooper, who originally refused to believe Dr. Brand's claim that love can travel through dimensions like gravity, engraved the singularity data on his watch, but that became his entire belief.
TARS: What if she never came back for it (the watch)?
Cooper: She will, she will.
TARS: How do you know?
Cooper: Beacause I give it to her.
8. The earth is actually uninhabitable because of blight. Isn't this a bit illogical, after all, human agriculture is so developed?
A: Fusarium wilt can indeed drive humans into a corner, as in the film
First of all, the fantasy of interstellar travel is not a distant future, and it does not have the setting of the wandering earth, the sun, expanding into a red giant star, or a large-scale disaster like an asteroid. It conjectures an environmental catastrophe that makes humanity even more powerless.
Kip Thorne, as a physics professor, certainly has no knowledge of biology or ecological environment. So in 2008, the director and two producers of Interstellar, in order to ensure that the "mass withering of vegetation" was sufficiently reasonable, invited a large number of relevant professors from the California Institute of Technology, including the 1975 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology. The winner, David Baltimore, started a discussion that lasted more than two hours. After the discussion (the dinner), Professor Kip visited several Caltech professors to make sure that the fact that the blight forced humans to leave the earth in the film is plausible.
The professors say that blight is entirely possible and would be as effective as any catastrophic weather, or a human-borne virus.
To ensure widespread plant destruction, the virus must possess both ubiquitous and malignant characteristics. Then there are two ideas:
1. A virus that specifically attacks a certain plant mutates and acquires universal characteristics. It uses insects as a carrier and spreads widely among plants, which can cause large-scale plant death (a specific plant virus has a high lethality rate. The characteristic of universality is terrifying)
2. Viruses that specifically attack chloroplasts. Plants rely on chloroplasts for photosynthesis. If there is such an indifference, and only viruses targeting chloroplasts, plants will die on a large scale (tobacco mosaic virus has the characteristics of attacking chloroplasts, but does not have the characteristics of indiscriminately attacking plants)
So don't we humans have enough energy to face these viruses? The answer is no, it's a bit like a vicious circle.
Through the artificial intelligence of TARS in the film, we can see that the level of human science and technology has been highly developed, but since the spread of blight, human demand for food has not allowed human beings to conduct large-scale scientific research, so NASA can only secretly build spacecraft, Talents in high-tech fields are forced to engage in agriculture, including research on the fusarium wilt virus itself, which will encounter many difficulties due to economic constraints. If this virus has the characteristics of rapid mutation, we humans are even more helpless.
If you carefully understand our current planting industry, such as our prevention and control of tobacco mosaic virus, "treatment" is always the worst plan, and "prevention" is always what we need most. Plants are not infected with viruses like humans, and corresponding vaccines can be developed to effectively kill viruses in humans. We know very little about plant viruses, and the principle of attacking the host is very different from that of human-vectored viruses. The instructions in agricultural manuals that teach how to prevent and control the virus will always put "It is strictly forbidden to let vegetable seedlings with similar symptoms enter the farmland" at the front, and will not tell you which medicine to use first.
When the virus mutated for the first time, it changed from attacking only one plant to attacking two kinds of plants, which would not cause human alertness. The local government would issue technicians who would propose solutions based on common viruses that can be obtained from withered plants. methods to try to help farmers increase their yields and reduce the rate of plant wilting.
Then the virus mutates twice until the virus is universal, and it can attack the chloroplasts of any plant. Local crops have begun to wither on a large scale around the world. The country will start to pay attention to these farmlands and organize experts to investigate. It is a virus. The virus morphology on symptomatic plants was similar and the effect was similar.
Until this kind of blight appeared on a large scale around the world, people began to panic. At this time, the most important thing for the government was to immediately collect the uncontaminated seeds of all kinds of plants, and immediately start to isolate and cultivate these plants (uncontaminated seeds) in the experimental greenhouse. Seeds can be obtained in many places, laboratories, and even seed museums). We need to get disease-resistant plants, but the question is, what if we can't get them? What if humans get the result that this virus that only attacks chloroplasts is 99% virulent? Seed research begins. Humans need to locate disease-resistant genes. After the positioning is completed, the disease-resistant genes need to be stably inherited, and then to obtain disease-resistant homozygous plants. We also need to obtain a large number of disease-resistant seeds. This takes a lot of time. But the plants outside the laboratory are still withering in large numbers, and this year's harvest is not optimistic.
It is a pity that this is not just the screening of disease-resistant plants of a plant. By the time humans start to organize to screen for disease-resistant plants, the number of infected plants may have reached dozens. The workload of agricultural experts is far ahead.
It is even more unfortunate that we mentioned earlier that this virus has the characteristics of mutation, otherwise it would not be universal. So even if humans have successfully developed some kind of disease-resistant seeds, they may be wiped out in the first year of sowing.
Do you still think that humans can prevent plants from wilting? At that time, the only thing we could do was to leave the earth, which is full of wilt viruses, and bring uninfected seeds to other places to emigrate.
9. Can habitable planets exist next to black holes? Why are there stars near black holes in interstellar travel, and will they not be swallowed up?
Answer: Don't imagine black holes too powerful
The gravitational effect of black holes is limited, and as long as they maintain a reasonable speed outside the event horizon, they will not be sucked into black holes. Binary or multi-star systems are actually more common in the universe than single-star star systems. Over a long period of time, it is not uncommon for one star to grow old and become a black hole or other star while the other remains burning.
And the companion star that is still burning generally has a large enough mass and orbiting speed, and it rarely happens that it falls into a black hole.
View more about Interstellar reviews
