12. Non-binding Resolution
A non-binding resolution is a written motion adopted by a deliberative body that cannot progress into a law. The substance of the resolution can be anything that can normally be proposed as a motion.
This type of resolution is often used to express the body's approval or disapproval of something which they cannot otherwise vote on,[1] due to the matter being handled by another jurisdiction, or being protected by a constitution. An example would be a resolution of support for a nation's troops in battle, which carries no legal weight, but is adopted for moral support.
Use
Non-binding resolutions are usually specific simple or concurrent resolutions that are not passed on to the president to be signed in to law.[2] These resolutions differ from pure concurrent resolutions (that are used for various procedural requests such as adjourning sessions) in that they are designed to formally express and document opinions, not a process.
These resolutions offer a means for elected officials to initiate publicly air the concerns of their constituents[3] and are closely followed by major media outlets. Additionally, these resolutions can be used to state the position of congress, showing a preview of how they will vote on future legislation and budget allocations.
11.KeyWord: Ways and Means Committee
In the English Parliament (later the British Parliament and UK Parliament) between 1641 and 1967, proposals for raising taxation originated in the Committee of Ways and Means, where they were initiated by a Government minister. The committee was copied by the legislature of the United States where it currently exists as the powerful US House Committee on Ways and Means.
With effect from 1967 that Committee was abolished. The Chairman of Ways and Means presided over that Committee; and though Speakers have sometimes presided at Budgets since abolition of the Committee ( as, for example, in 1968 and 1989), the Chairman does still generally occupy the chair during the speech.
The Chairman of Ways and Means is the title given to the Deputy Speaker who is appointed on a motion tabled at the beginning of each Parliament by the Leader of the House. The Chairman of Ways and Means has two deputies: the 1st and 2nd Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means. Thus there are three deputy Speakers who may take the Chair in the place of the Speaker.
In the British Parliament, the Speaker and his deputies are considered independent and as such they do not normally vote, except for casting votes, and they are not included in the figures of party strengths within the House of Commons.
The term "Ways and Means" refers to the provision of revenue to meet national expenditure and to forward the objectives of economic policy. Ways and Means are principally provided by the imposition of taxation-the Budget resolutions are Ways and Means resolutions, upon which the Finance Bill is based-but also by the raising of loans and provision made as occasion arises for the payment of sums into the Consolidated Fund or the National Loans Fund.
10. KeyWord: Giselle
in "West Wing 3", Sam told Josh Huangshi National A fire broke out in the park. Josh asked seriously if he was going to put out the fire, but Sam answered seriously that he was not a professional firefighter, and then casually said that he wanted to be a firefighter when he was a kid. Josh also said in passing that he wanted to be a ballerina when he was a child. Afterwards, Josh realized that he had leaked his mouth, so he warned Sam not to talk about the ballerina. After a few scenes, CJ asked Tony to speak alone, but Josh happened to be beside him. So CJ whispered to Josh: Giselle~, it really worked, and Josh left immediately.
Giselle is the name of a famous ballet in the Romantic period and the name of the heroine in the play. The plot is adapted from the myth of Slavs, and its content is summarized as follows:
In the first act, a young, innocent village maiden named Giselle is in love with a man she knows only as Loys. In reality, the man is Albrecht, a nobleman disguised as a peasant, and who is betrothed to Bathilde, daughter of the Duke. When Giselle discovers the deceit, she is inconsolable and goes mad, then dies of a broken heart. In the second act, her undying love for Albrecht saves him from the wicked magic of the wilis, vampiric ghosts of betrothed girls who have died before their wedding day. Though their leader, Myrtha, Queen of the Wilis, forces Albrecht to dance again and again, Giselle intervenes long enough to spare his strength and allow him to survive until the dawn. At sunrise, wilis must return to their grave ; Giselle must return as well but not before showing Albrecht that she forgives him for his treachery.The two pledge their love to each other and she descends back into her grave, but will forever be separated. Giselle is now a wili for the rest of eternity.
The myth of Slavs is a myth that originated in Eastern Europe 3000 years ago. In this myth, God asked the devil to build land from the sand on the bottom of the sea. As a religion, Slavs is a dual system. It has two gods: the black god is in charge of curses, and the white god is in charge of mercy; in addition, the god of thunder and fire also occupies an important position.
Regarding the elves in Slavs, here is an introduction: the
sweet-singing Wila
In Polish mythology, the Wila (VEE-lah) are believed to be female fairy-like spirits who live in the wilderness and sometimes clouds. They were believed to be the spirits of women who had been frivolous in their lifetimes and now floated between here and the afterlife. They sometimes appear as the swans, snakes, horses, falcons, or wolves that they can shapeshift into but usually appear as beautiful maidens, naked or dressed in white with long flowing hair.
It is said that if even one of these hairs is plucked, the Wila will die, or be forced to change back to her true shape. A human may gain the control of a Wila by stealing feathers from her wings. Once she gets them back , however, she will disappear. (Compare Swan maiden.)
The voices of the Wila are as beautiful as the rest of them, and one who hears them loses all thoughts of food, drink or sleep, sometimes for days. Despite their feminine charms, however, the Wila are fierce warriors. The earth is said to shake when they do battle. They have healing and prophetic powers and are sometimes willing to help human beings. At other times they lure young men to dance with them, which according to their mood can be a very good or very bad thing for the lad. They ride on horses or deer when they hunt with their bows and arrows and will kill any man who defies them or breaks his word. Fairy rings of deep thick grass are left where they have danced which should never be trod upon (bad luck ).
Offerings for Wila consist of round cakes, ribbons, fresh fruits and vegetables or flowers left at sacred trees and wells and at fairy caves.
Vila
The Vila, or Willi or Veela, are the Slavic versions of nymphs, who have power over storms, which they delight in sending down on lonely travelers. They are known to live in meadows, ponds, oceans, trees, and clouds (cf. Leimakids, Limnades, Oceanids, Dryads, Nephele). They can appear as swans, horses , wolves, or, of course, beautiful women.
The Vilia is the Celtic version of this woodland spirit. She enjoys captivating passing men with her beauty, but then abandoning them. In a love song titled Vilia, from "The Merry Widow" by Lehar and Ross, a hunter pines for Vilia, "the witch of the wood".
Female vampire Wili
Among the Slavic creatures of folklore, for the English-speaking world the wilis are indelibly connected with the Romantic ballet Giselle, first danced in Paris in 1840, with its spectral wilis, young girls who have died on their wedding days, who almost snatch away the hero's life-breath, but must disappear at the break of dawn.
These wilis have been adapted from a poem of Heinrich Heine, who claimed to be using a Slavic legend. Meyer's Konversationslexikon defines Wiles or Wilis as female vampires, the spirits of betrothed girls who die before their wedding night. According to Heine, wilis are unable to rest in their graves because they could not satisfy their passion for dancing when they were alive. They therefore gather on the highway at midnight to lure young men and dance them to their death. In Serbia they were maidens cursed by God; in Bulgaria they were known as samovily, girls who died before they were baptized; and in Poland they are beautiful young girls floating in the air atoning for frivolous past lives.
Rusałka
In Slavic mythology, a Rusałka was a female ghost, water nymph, succubus or mermaid-like demon that dwelled in a lake. She was considered a being of the unclean force or нечистая сила (nechistaya sila). The ghostly version is the soul of a young woman who had died in or near a lake (many of these rusalki had been murdered by lovers) and came to haunt that lake; this undead Rusałka is not invariably malevolent, and will be allowed to die in peace if her death is avenged . In most versions, the Rusałka is an unquiet dead being. According to Zelenin, people who die violently and before their time, such as young women who commit suicide because they have been jilted by their lovers, or unmarried women who are pregnant out of wedlock, must live out their designated time on earth (срок, srok) as a spirit.Another theory is that rusalki are the female spirits of the unclean dead; this includes suicides, unbaptized babies, and those who die without last rites. (Under this theory male unclean dead were said to become vodianoi).
Vodianoi
The vodianoi is a male water spirit of Slavic origin. He is viewed to be particularly malevolent, existing almost exclusively to drown swimmers who have angered him by their boldness. Reports of his appearance vary; some tales define him as a naked old man, bloated and hairy, covered in slime, covered in scales, or simply as an old peasant with a red shirt and beard. He is also reported to have the ability to transform into a fish.
The vodianoi lives in deep pools, often by a mill, and is said to be the spirit of unclean male dead (this definition includes those who have committed suicide, unbaptized children, and those who die without last rites). As previously stated, the vodianoi would drown those who angered him with boasts or insults. However, this was no certain protection, as the spirit was particularly capricious. Peasants feared the vodianoi and would often attempt to get rid of the spirit or, failing that, appease him.
The only people who were generally safe from the vodianoi's anger were millers and fishermen. Millers in particular were viewed to be so close to the vodianoi that they often became seen as sorcerous figures. This may be influenced by the belief that millers yearly drown a drunk passerby as an offering to the vodianoi. Fishermen were somewhat less suspect, offering only the first of their catch with an incantation. If a vodianoi favored a fisherman he would herd fish into the nets. [1]
The Czech and Slovak equivalent is called a vodník. A similar figure appears in German mythology as a Wasserman or nix.
风雪女神Sky Women
In Polish mythology, sky women were the warm-weather incarnations of the rusalki. Slavic women would go out in the first snowfall and build snow women to honor them, as snow is believed to be brought by the sky women. One belief has it that the thunder and lightning of springtime are brought on by Sky Women mating with the thunder gods; hence spring festivals included a celebration of the return of the rusalki from the waters with the placing of wreaths on the waters, and with circle dances and fire festivals.
9. KEYWORD: line-item veto
In government, the line-item veto is the power of an executive to nullify or "cancel" specific provisions of a bill, usually budget appropriations, without vetoing the entire legislative package. The line-item vetoes are usually subject to the possibility of legislative override as are traditional vetoes.
8. KEYWORD: ERA
ERA is the abbreviation of Equal Rights Amendment. Specifically, it advocates: Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Therefore, it is equivalent to an amendment to women's equal rights and obligations, and it is also a controversial amendment to the constitution that has not yet been approved. Do not literally think that the majority of American working women actively support it, because it not only makes men and women equal rights, but also makes men and women equal obligations. On the one hand, it can promote women to obtain more equal opportunities in many social fields; on the other hand, it ignores the inherent differences between men and women, especially in labor, military service and other areas where women are specially protected, and it greatly weakens women's rights.
7. KEYWORD: Common name for Mary Jane
cannabis.
6. KEYWORD: ALMA MATER
Refers to his alma mater. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother". It was used in ancient Rome as a title for the mother goddess, and in Medieval Christianity for the Virgin Mary.
This term is taken from the motto ("Alma Mater Studiorum") of the oldest European university, the University of Bologna, in Italy, founded in AD 1088, and located in the city of Bologna.
In many modern languages it is usually and principally heard as a term of academia; thus, in the English language, it is used as a sobriquet for the university or college a person has attended. In American English, it is also heard in reference to a high school or elementary school.
5. KEYWORD: Bob Marley, Wailers
Bob Marley is a reggae singer, songwriter, guitarist. Wailers is a musical group founded by Bob Marley. He and his group believe in a religion called astafarianism. This religion follows a strict rule: they reject alcohol and drugs, but Worship marijuana, they think marijuana is a kind of sacred grass that can give people enlightenment. This is why Josh had a conversation with the Minister of Health who just revealed his intention to support cannabis legalization:
JOSH
Did you know that 69% of Americans oppose legalization? Only 23% support it.
DR. GRIFFITH
The number gets a lot higher than that if you ask people under 30.
JOSH
Well, that's a shock. Did you know that the number gets even higher than that if you limit the polling sample to Bob Marley ad the Whalers?
4. KEYWORD: FILIBUSTER's
previous understanding of this word is just a vocabulary book The inexplicable explanation "blocked the passage of the bill." Then I realized that it was so funny.
Filibuster maximizes the use of the rule of "Members speak in Parliament, and they can say as long as they want." In order to protest against the government's failure to allocate funds to children with autism, the old parliamentarians in the film stood on the podium and stayed up and down day and night. Speaking in the toilet (reading recipes, Dickens, playing card rules, etc...), this delays time and prevents the council from proceeding to the following agenda. When I watched the film, I doubted the authenticity of this trick. Later I checked it and found that there are more lustrous and longer-lasting members in real life. The longest historical record of personal speech was created in 1957. A member of Parliament spoke on the podium for 24 hours and 18 minutes to oppose the Civil Rights Law. Of course, there is a more organized and disciplined filibuster, that is, a group of congressmen unite to drag the time: I will appear on the stage after you sing it. Everyone gathers firewood with high flames, and this method is obviously more effective. Here are many filibuster cases listed on the wiki:
In 1789, the first US Senate adopted rules allowing the Senate "to move the previous question," ending debate and proceeding to a vote. In 1806, Aaron Burr argued that the motion regarding the previous question was redundant, had only been exercised once in the preceding four years [4], and should be eliminated. The Senate agreed, and thus the potentiality for a filibuster sprang into being. Because the Senate created no alternative mechanism for terminating debate, the filibuster became an option for delay and blocking of floor votes.
The filibuster remained a solely theoretical option until 1841, when the Democratic minority tried to block a bank bill favored by the Whig majority by using this political tactic. Senator Henry Clay, a promoter of the bill, threatened to change Senate rules to allow the majority to close debate. Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton rebuked Clay for trying to stifle the Senate's right to unlimited debate and he was unsuccessful in eliminating the filibuster with a simple majority vote.
In 1917 a rule allowing for the cloture of debate (ending a filibuster) was adopted by the Democratic Senate[5] at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson.[6] From 1917 to 1949, the requirement for cloture was two-thirds of those voting.
3. KEYWORD: LSD
It should mean psychedelic drugs. Lsd is the abbreviation for lysergic acid diethylamide, a synthetic hallucinogenic drug discovered by Albert Hofmann in 1938. By disrupting the action of serotonin in the brain, LSD produces markedly abnormal behavior, including psychotic episodes that can last anywhere from hours to several days. The drug is usually administered through the tongue, although it can be absorbed through any of the mucous membranes.
2. KeyWord: Algonquin Round Table
The Algonquin Round Table was a group of New York City writers, critics, actors and wits that met from 1919 until about 1929, though its legacy endured long afterward.
They met for lunch every day at a round table at the Algonquin Hotel and traded quips; many of these sayings are still repeated today. The group began meeting in June 1919 when several of its members returned from World War I where they met on the Army newspaper Stars and Stripes.
1. KeyWord: Puerto Rico, statehood, commonwealth:
Puerto Rico was originally a place where Indians lived. C. Columbus sailed to this point in 1493. It became a Spanish colony in 1509. In 1869, the Puerto Rican people revolted and declared the establishment of a republic, which was suppressed by the Spanish colonial army. In 1897, internal autonomy was achieved. It became an American colony after the Spanish-American War in 1898. In 1917, the United States added "American citizenship" to the people of Puerto Rico. The People's Armed Uprising in 1950 announced the establishment of the Republic of Puerto Rico. In 1952, the United States granted Puerto Rico the status of a confederation and exercised autonomy, but important departments such as foreign affairs, national defense, and customs were controlled by the United States. In 1977, US President GR Ford submitted the "Puerto Rico State Act of 1977" to Congress, advocating that Puerto Rico should be made the 51st state of the United States. In November 1982, President RW Reagan issued a statement supporting Puerto Rico as a state of the United States. In November 1993, Puerto Rico once again held a referendum on relations with the United States. As a result, most people still advocated maintaining the free federal status of the United States. Pedro Rossello was elected Governor in 1992. According to the Constitution formulated by the United States in 1952, the Governor is the Chief Executive, elected by elections for a term of 4 years and under the Council of Ministers. The U.S. Congress has the power to repeal laws passed by the Puerto Rico Congress. The parliament is divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives. The island has elected a local commissioner to the U.S. Congress, but can only vote in the House of Representatives committee. The main political parties are: ① People's Democratic Party, the ruling party. Founded in 1938. Advocating the maintenance of Puerto Rico's "free federal" status and the establishment of a local self-government under the sovereignty of the United States. ②The New Progressive Party, established in 1967. Advocate that Puerto Rico should become a state of the United States. ③Puerto Rico Independence Party, established in 1946. Advocate the independence of Puerto Rico and establish a socialist democratic republic.
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