l Introduction
"Space Time Journey" is a documentary TV series co-directed by Ann Druyan and Seth MacFarlane, starring Neil DeGrasse Tyson, Bethany Levy, Stoney Emshwiller, Mehdi Merali, etc., released in 2014 Released in the US in March.
Cosmic Time Travel is about exposing the magnificence of the universe in a newly invented scientific narrative mode and reinventing the acclaimed elements of the original series, including the cosmic calendar and the ship of the imagination, leading audiences to the most macro and microscopic perspective of the universe.
l Notes
Universe Address:
1) Earth
2) Solar System
3) Milky Way Galaxy
4) Local Group
5) Virgo supercluster: thousands of galaxies
6) Observable universe: The largest-scale universe has been detected, a network of hundreds of billions of galaxies
From the origin of the universe to the origin of the earth, if the history of the earth is condensed into 12 months of a year on the time axis, then the history of mankind is the last 14 seconds. In the vast universe, the earth is like a small drop of water in the ocean. The creation of the earth was accidental, and the creation of human beings was also accidental.
The 13.8 billion-year history of the universe is compressed into one year (about 1 billion years per month, equivalent to 40 million years per day):
January 1: The Big Bang. The universe evolved from a singularity smaller than an atom. In a cosmic fire, space appeared, the universe began to expand, and all energy and all matter as we know it so far came from it. As the universe continues to expand, the universe begins to cool, beginning a dark period of about 200 million years
Jan. 10: Gas clumps gravitate together, heat up, and the oldest stars are born
January 19: These stars clump together to form the first small galaxies
March 15: Small galaxies continue to clump together to form larger galaxies (including the Milky Way, which formed about 11 billion years ago)
August 31: Sun is born (about 4.5 billion years ago)
September 21: Life on Earth is born. (3.5 billion years ago)
November 9: Life begins to breathe, move, eat, and respond to its environment
December 7: Marine life really begins to flourish, with an explosion of large plants and animals of all kinds
Last week of December: Forests, dinosaurs, birds, insect evolution
December 28: The first flowers bloom
December 30, 6:24 a.m.: Planet hits Earth (about 65 million years ago)
Last Hour of December 30: Humans Begin to Evolve
Dec 30 11:59:46 midnight: The last 14 seconds of human writing history (6000 years ago, writing was invented)
01 Standing Up in the Milky Way
Bruno is a follower of the Egyptian Hermes pagan religion, in his writings, the sun is no longer the center of the universe. He believed in the infinity of the universe and believed that there were innumerable worlds in an infinite universe. In Bruno's universe, the world is no longer limited to a few closed crystal spheres, it has become rich and vivid, countless worlds are self-contained, and the world is renewed and regenerated in motion. Pope Bella named Bruno on eight charges of heresy, including opposition to Catholicism, opposition to the Trinity, opposition to the divinity of Christ, belief in reincarnation, belief in the idea of an endless universe, etc., and even questioning the virginity of the Virgin Mary. In the document, support for heliocentrism did not become the reason for the trial—in fact, compared with the eight crimes of heresy, the crime of supporting heliocentrism seemed too minor.
02 Some of the Things That Molecules Do
Darwin's grandfather and grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, was an authority in the British medical community and had written works such as "Life" and "Botany". Erasmus believed that there is an inherent force in organisms to develop organisms to an advanced stage, and speculated that life originated in the ocean, which had an important impact on Darwin in the future. In Darwin's study of species evolution, the social implications of the ruthlessness of species' behavior are often seen by atheists and atheists as a means of attacking the theory of the Church of England. Darwin believed that religious belief was actually the survival strategy of biological groups, although at this time he still believed that God was the ultimate natural law maker. After the death of his daughter Annie in 1851, Darwin's faith waned and he leaned toward skepticism. At this time, although he continued to assist with some church affairs, he no longer attended church on Sunday. He tends to believe that suffering is a law of nature more than a trial of God. When he was asked about his religious orientation, he pointed out that he was never atheist, but that agnosticism is a more accurate description of his mind. Darwin also stated in his autobiography that the authenticity of the Gospels was doubtful, and he did not have sufficient evidence to believe that Christianity was the doctrine of God.
03 When Knowledge Conquered Fear
Harley was born into a wealthy family in Shoreditch, London, his father was a wealthy soap maker from Derbyshire. In May 1679, he returned to England. He published the "Southern Catalogue", which contained detailed data on 341 southern stars, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society for this catalogue and accompanying star map. Edmund Halley published his second treatise in 1686 on trade winds and monsoons. He determined that the thermal energy of the sun is the driving force for the motion of the atmosphere, and he also established the relationship between air pressure and altitude. In 1693, Halley published an article on life insurance. He analyzed the age of death based on the complete data records of a small German town. John Grant then popularized his work, an achievement now regarded as a major event in the history of demography.
In 1682 Edmund Halley settled in Islington. He spent most of his time observing the moon and trying to prove Kepler's laws. In August 1684, he went to Cambridge to discuss the problem with Isaac Newton, who claimed to have solved the problem in a paper but did not publish it. Halley asked to see the paper, but couldn't find it. He persuaded Newton to write another one, so Newton spent two years writing his greatest book, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, that is, universal gravitation. The Royal Society initially promised to pay to publish the book, but after writing it, Halley had to go back on his own. Pay to publish the book.
04 A Sky Full of Ghosts (Relativity)
The main sources of the theory of relativity are Mach's law and Feynman geometry, not only Faraday's electromagnetic field and Maxwell's equations. In fact, general relativity is an ensemble of calculus, classical mechanics, electrodynamics, linear algebra, and differential geometry.
05 Hiding In The Light
The recorded image of pinholes was first discovered by Mozi, and the tolerance of the Islamic caliphate preserved the ancient Greek culture and laid the foundation for the European Renaissance. Originally Newton drew the color spectrum through the Mitsubishi mirror, and William Herschel in 1800 measured various parts of the solar spectrum with a thermometer and found that the temperature rises highest when the thermometer is placed outside the red end of the spectrum, and there But no color at all. So he concluded that sunlight contains invisible rays other than red light, that is, infrared radiation.
William Herschel, also known as the "father of stellar astronomy", compiled an exhaustive list of "nebulae" and a catalog of double stars. He first discovered that most of the binary stars are not optical binary stars that are similar to each other, but have a gravitational relationship with each other. From studying the proper motion of stars, he also first discovered that the solar system is moving in the universe, and also pointed out the general direction of the movement. It has also been proposed that the Milky Way is in the shape of a disk. His son, John Herschel, began studying astronomy in 1816, and between 1821 and 1823 he re-calibrated his father's double-star catalog with James Barth. In 1833, John Herschel traveled to South Africa to measure the stars in the southern sky. Two years later, he observed the return of Halley's Comet. After John Herschel's death, he was given a state funeral in the UK.
Joseph von Fraunhofer, also translated as Fraunhofer, a German physicist whose main contributions are focused on optics. Orphaned at the age of 11, Fraunhofer worked as an apprentice in a glass workshop in Munich. In 1801, the workshop's house collapsed, and Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, personally led people to rescue it from the ruins. Maximilian I loved Fraunhofer very much and provided him with books and opportunities to study. Eight months later, Fraunhofer was sent to train at the optics academy at the famous Benedictine Abbey of Beaune, a Benedictine monastery that placed great emphasis on glassmaking. By 1818 Fraunhofer had become the principal leader of the School of Optics. Due to Fraunhofer's efforts, Bavaria replaced the United Kingdom as the production center of optical instruments at that time, and even Michael Faraday could only resign. The Fraunhofer Association for the Promotion of Applied Research is now the largest applied scientific research institution in Germany and Europe. It was established on March 26, 1949 and named after the German scientist, inventor and entrepreneur Joseph Fraunhofer. The Fraunhofer Institute has more than 80 research institutes with an annual budget of 1 billion euros and is headquartered in Munich.
06 Deeper, Deeper, Deeper Still
Tardigrades are tardigrades of the animal kingdom. They mainly live in freshwater sediments, moist soils and water films of bryophytes, and a few species live in the intertidal zone of seawater. About 750 species have been recorded, many of which are distributed worldwide. They can be found in the Himalayas (above 6000m) or in the deep sea (below 4000m). It was the first animal known to survive in space.
Photosynthesis is the use of light energy by plants, algae and other producers and certain bacteria to convert carbon dioxide, water or hydrogen sulfide into carbohydrates. Photosynthesis can be divided into oxygen-producing photosynthesis and non-oxygen-producing photosynthesis. By eating, consumers of the food chain can absorb the energy stored by the plant with an efficiency of about 10%. For most organisms, this process is key to their survival. Photosynthesis is the most important part of the carbon-oxygen cycle on Earth.
Photosynthesis formula: 6CO₂+6H₂O (light, chloroplast)→C₆H₁₂O₆[(CH₂O)ₙ]+6O₂
07 The Clean Room (Earth Age)
Claire Cameron Patterson, American geologist and geochemist, born in Mitchellville, Iowa, USA, Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, and teaches at the California Institute of Technology. Patterson worked with George Tilton to improve the uranium-lead dating method and invent the lead-lead dating method. By measuring the content of lead isotopes in the Diablo canyon meteorite, he calculated in 1956 that the age of the earth is about 4.55 ± 0.7 billion years, a measurement accuracy that is unmatched so far. Patterson discovered lead contamination in his samples as early as the 1940s as a graduate student at the University of Chicago, and later in the process of studying the age of the Earth he discovered that the lead industry was responsible for the dramatic rise in lead levels in the atmosphere and in humans. His efforts and calls were instrumental in the campaign to ban tetraethyl lead and lead solder in food cans. Because of the above contributions, he is known as the most influential geologist of the 20th century.
08 Sisters Of The Sun
Anne Cannon was born in Dover, Delaware, in 1863, the son of a wealthy shipbuilder. Cannon entered Wellesley College in Massachusetts in 1880 to study physics, where she contracted scarlet fever and lost her hearing almost completely. In the 1900s, Cannon transformed the spectral classification method established earlier by Edward Pickering and others into O, B, A, F, G according to the order of the surface temperature of stars based on the color of stars. , K, M, R, N, S and other types of classification, called "Harvard classification", widely used in astronomy. In 1925, Cannon was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Oxford, the first woman to receive this honor. In 1931, Cannon received the Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences for his work on the spectral classification of stars. In her honor, a crater on the moon was named "Cannon" in her honor.
Cecilia Payne Gaposhkin was born in Windor, Buckinghamshire, England in 1900. She attended St Paul's Girls' School, and in 1919 she was awarded a scholarship to study physics, chemistry and physics at Newnham College, Cambridge University. botany. She later became interested in astronomy after listening to Arthur Eddington's talk about his trip to Africa to take pictures of the two stars next to the sun in a total solar eclipse to determine Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. It was first proposed in 1925 that the sun is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium. Cecilia's entry into the Harvard Observatory was an important turning point, under the auspices of Shapley, which provided more opportunities for women to study astronomy and greatly inspired many women to enter the then male-dominated scientific community .
09 The Lost Worlds Of Planet Earth (Blue Planet)
Marie Tharp, American female geologist and oceanographer. She collaborated with Bruce Heason to create the world's first scientific global map of the ocean floor. Tharp's research made the existence of the mid-Atlantic ridge known to the public and revolutionized the scientific understanding of the theory of continental drift.
Tharp moved to New York City in 1948, and she was hired by Maurice Ewing of Columbia University to work as a cartographer at the Lamont Geological Laboratory. She then met Bruce Heason and had an early mission to find photographic documents of military planes shot down during World War II. After that, Tharp and Heason began to map the ocean floor together. During the first 18 years of mapping the ocean floor, Hesson boarded the Vemma, a research vessel owned by the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, to collect data on the ocean floor. Tharp, on the other hand, was mapping topography in his office at a time when women couldn't work on boats. Tharp's early research efforts were limited by her gender, and she wasn't able to join the data-gathering research vessel sailing until 1965. She also conducted research independently using data from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution research vessel Atlantis and seismometers to detect earthquakes with their epicenters below the surface. In the end, she and Heason attempted to systematically draw the first topographic map of the world's ocean floor.
10 The Electric Boy
Faraday was born in Newington, London, England, because of poverty or unsuitable education? At the age of 14, he became a protégé of bookbinder and salesman George Reber. From this, he read a lot of books. In these large amounts of reading, Faraday gradually established his interest in science, and among them, electricity was the most important.
In 1812, at the age of twenty, as his protégés came to an end, Faraday began to sit in on Sir Humphrey Davy, a member of the prestigious Royal Institute and President of the Royal Society, and the founder of the Municipal Philosophical Society. A speech by John Tatum. One time after that, Faraday carefully transcribed himself in his speech and cites it from the side. The three-hundred-page notes were shown to David, who immediately gave him a very friendly and positive answer. As a result, David hired Faraday as his secretary after an accident in a nitrogen trichloride experiment that damaged his eyesight. David recommended Faraday as assistant to chemistry on March 1, 1813.
While not receiving adequate formal education, Faraday was one of the most influential scientists in history. In fact, he is often considered the best experimentalist in the history of science. He studied the magnetic field around the current-carrying wire in detail and established the concept of electromagnetic field. Faraday observed that magnetic fields affect the propagation of light, and he figured out the relationship between the two. He discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, Faraday's law of electrolysis. He invented an electromagnetic rotating machine, which is the prototype of today's electric motor. Thanks to Faraday's efforts, electromagnetic phenomena began to appear in technological developments with practical uses. Faraday also made great achievements in chemistry. He discovered benzene, studied chlorine crystal cage compounds, invented the early form of Bunsen burner and its oxidation number, and also popularized the terms anode, cathode, electrode and ion. He eventually became the first and foremost Fuller Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Science.
It is worth noting that although Faraday has been plagued by amnesia and depression since the age of 49, he still found phenomena such as the Faraday effect and the shading effect. Faraday's research on optical lenses has not achieved much. The importance of people in the right positions.
Faraday was an excellent experimentalist, able to convey his ideas in clear and simple language, but his mathematical abilities were limited to the simplest algebra, and he was not familiar with other higher mathematics such as trigonometry. The rich second-generation James Maxwell synthesized the research of Faraday and other scholars and wrote Maxwell's equations, which became the cornerstone of modern electromagnetic theory. In honor of Faraday, in the International System of Units, the unit of capacitance is Farad. Faraday's main contributions are electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and electrolysis.
11 The Immortals (Scientific Exploration)
Adapting your behavior to changes in the environment is the embodiment of human wisdom. If advanced wisdom is the hallmark of our species, then I should make good use of it. Other species are using their unique advantages to make their own Future generations prosper, allowing their inheritance to continue, the fundamental system of nature that sustains human existence. It is worth noting that due to the rapid development of the human economy, the increase in childcare costs, the accelerated pace of production and life, the increased pressure on life, coupled with the economic independence of women and other factors, the fertility rate has continued to decline, and the aging of the population will be the 21st century. One of the standout examples of global demographic trends. At present, in the world's major economies, except for the United States, which can maintain a population balance, other major countries are all experiencing negative population growth. Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" provides some explanations for the influence of population growth and ratio on civilization. The dispute between Arab and Christian civilization and even Confucian civilization is far from over.
12 The World Set Free (climate change)
Don't let the earth become "there used to be a world". If there are intelligent creatures on Venus, it will not change the out-of-control greenhouse effect. The carbon dioxide of 3/10,000 is not much or not, which is just suitable for our survival, more hot, less cold, The transition to clean energy is already a consensus. Our biggest feature is our strong adaptability. If there is a problem, we try to adapt to changes. The utilization rate of clean energy such as solar and wind energy is so low that we have missed the opportunity to use solar energy twice. Now finally caught.
13 Unafraid of the Dark
There, that's home, that's us. There, everyone you love, everyone you know, everyone you've ever heard of, everyone who's ever existed in this world, lived their entire lives.
Gathered here are our joys and pains, thousands of religious beliefs, ideologies, and economic doctrines Every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every founder and destroyer of civilization , every king and peasant, every young couple, every mother and father, every hopeful child, every inventor and explorer, every noble teacher, every learned politician, every superstar Stars, every supreme leader, every saint and sinner in human history, live here like a speck of dust, suspended in a beam of sunlight.
The earth is a small stage. Against the background of the vast universe, think of the blood flowing into rivers in the past, the blood shed for emperors and generals, just for them to become momentary great men in glory and victory, occupying that place. That fraction of a small dot.
Think of the endless cruelty, the people in one corner of that pixel in the image, every day inflicting this cruelty on the people in another corner that is no different from them. Why are they so often misunderstood, why they desire to kill each other, why their hatred is so fervent.
We're pretending, thinking we're important, thinking we're special human beings, special in the universe, all shaken by this pale blue dot. Our planet is but a lonely speck of dust shrouded in the great cosmic darkness.
We are in obscurity, immersed in endless vastness, with no clue that anyone but ourselves can save us.
Earth is the only world known to have life, and there is no other place for life, at least not in the near future. There are no alien planets for human migration, only to visit, not to settle. Like it or not, right now, there is only Earth for us to stand on.
It is said that studying astronomy can humble people, shape people's hearts, and hone their personalities. Perhaps there is no better way to show the conceit and stupidity of human beings than this distant picture.
To me, it underscores our responsibility to be kinder to people, to cherish and love, this pale blue dot is the only home we know. We are tiny creatures living on this speck of dust. How did we do everything possible to send the spacecraft into the stars of the Milky Way?
Just a few hundred years ago, for a few seconds in the cosmic calendar, we didn't know where we were, when we were, and we didn't know anything about the rest of the universe. We are in a cage, living in our own little universe, trapped in a hard shell, how do we escape the cage?
It's because of the tireless efforts of generations of explorers who have followed 5 simple rules from their hearts:
1) Questioning authority;
2) Don't trust people's words, including me;
3) independent thinking;
4) Self-doubt;
5) Don't believe anything just because you want to believe it.
Believing does not mean it can become a reality, test ideas with empirical evidence, and rely on observation and experimentation.
If an idea you like doesn't pass the full test, it's wrong, be optimistic, follow the evidence, wherever it points, and if there's no evidence, don't jump to conclusions, perhaps the most important rule is - remember, you too will make mistakes. Even the best scientists have been wrong about certain things, Newton, Einstein, and every great scientist in history, they all made mistakes. This is normal. People make mistakes. Science makes us stop deceiving ourselves and others.
Are scientists guilty? some. We have abused science and used it like a tool at hand, so we cannot put science in the hands of a few in power. The more science belongs to all mankind, the less it will be misused. The value of science can prevent fanaticism and ignorance, after all, most of the universe is dark, only dotted with little stars.
Knowing the age of the Earth, the distances to the stars, the evolution of life, how does this make the world any different? It depends on how big a universe you want to live in, some people like small universes, that's ok, totally understandable, but I like big universes.
When I put all of this in my heart, in my mind, I get a lift.
When this feeling comes up, I want to see it as real, not just an imagination in my head.
Because this is the truth, and our imaginations are nothing compared to the stunning reality in nature.
I want to know: what's in that dark place? What happened before the Big Bang? I want to know, what is beyond the event horizon of the universe? How did life originate? Is there a place in the universe where matter and energy are given life and consciousness? I want to get to know our ancestors, to get to know each of them, and I want to be a beautiful and powerful connection that connects generations of humanity. I want to protect my children and future generations.
In billions of years, the Milky Way will meet its neighbor Andromeda in a wonderful way, and human beings will enjoy the starlight show that lasts for billions of years, and the dance of hundreds of billions of stars.
We, represent the eyes and ears of the universe in this world, and represent the thoughts and emotions of the universe in this world.
We began to understand the origin of mankind, to think about the story of the stars, the evolution of matter.
Going back the long road before the origin of consciousness, we and other creatures on this planet carry the legacy of cosmic evolution across billions of years. If we take this knowledge to heart, if we understand and love the nature of nature, our children and grandchildren will surely remember us as a beautiful and powerful link in the chain of life.
Our children and grandchildren will also continue this sacred quest, pass it on from generation to generation, continue to explore, and discover miracles that we never dreamed of, in this universe.
l Short Comments
Zhuangzi has a saying: "Dawn bacteria don't know the dark times, and crickets don't know the spring and autumn." In the cosmic calendar, human civilization is just a drop in the ocean. When primitive humans first cast their curious eyes on the stars, and today Voyager 1 has sailed to the outskirts of the solar system, the 13.8 billion-year history of the universe is just a moment. When Voyager 1 flew past Neptune and looked back for the last time, human beings realized that the earth was just an inconspicuous dim light in the vast universe.
I think so, astronomy teaches us about humility. The more we learn about the universe, the more we understand the insignificance and ignorance of human beings. On the road of exploring the unknown for thousands of years, generations of scientists have made lifelong efforts. They have been ignored, accused, excluded, and persecuted, but their pursuit of truth has never stopped. Even in the long and dark ages of the Middle Ages, the light of human reason still shines. Only a few of them are remembered, and too many have been overshadowed by the magnificent light of science.
When the stars of humanity shine, history should be remembered.
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