Hungary, one of the Axis Powers in World War II, has been fighting side by side with the German army since the outbreak of the war on the Eastern Front!
Looking back on history: The
Kingdom of Hungary before the First World War, as a theoretically independent kingdom of the dual Austro-Hungarian Empire, ruled over a large swathe of land, including not only present-day Hungary, but also Transylvania, Slovakia, Lucinia (Transcarpathian Ukraine), Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, now northern Serbia and other large areas. During the First World War, the Austro-Hungarian Empire fell apart, and Hungary established the Soviet regime, which was destroyed by the Allied Powers.
During the economic crisis period, Hungary's food and oil were all needed by Germany, so the German-led barter trade spread throughout Eastern Europe. Not only did Hungary gradually become economically dependent on Germany, but more importantly, it brought more pro-German forces.
In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria, which shocked the Hungarians. The swastika flag has appeared on the border of Hungary. At the same time, some sensitive Hungarian political and military people realized that the Czech Republic has been clamped, and Germany's next target must be it. If you want to share something, you must choose the right position as soon as possible.
In order to compete for land, from October 12, 1938, the Hungarian army began to provoke and attack East Slovakia and Lucinia. However, the Hungarian army at that time could not confront the Czech army at all. Later, in the talks with Hitler, the Hungarian Foreign Minister Chaki admitted: "Hungary would be powerless militarily without German assistance." The Hungarians were rewarded despite their poor performance. In the first Vienna ruling, Germany and Italy forced the already capitulated Czechoslovakia to cede to Hungary a narrow strip from southern Slovakia to southern Lucinia, called the Hungarians viewed this territorial expansion with joy, for Philvedek, which, in their view, was the first step in their restoration of a glorious Greater Hungary, while the government and the military were either interested in a relationship with Germany or Italy. They are worried about standing too close, or they are worried about not being close enough to Germany and Italy, but there is a consensus on one thing: the expansion of the Hungarian army must be done quickly.
On February 24, 1939, Hungary joined the "Anti-Comintern Pact", which marked that it had determined to tie itself more closely with Germany and Italy, although in the minds of some Hungarian politicians, this was only their pursuit of their own purposes. A necessary action, but in reality the country will be held more and more tightly by Germany until its destruction.
On June 27, 1941, the Hungarian chief of staff, General Wirth, announced a declaration of war on the Soviet Union, so he resolutely stood on the side of Germany.
After a heavy blow from the Soviet army, the so-called "popular front" (a hodgepodge of anti-German forces) appeared! Pro-Soviet and Western sentiments gradually prevailed. After the Hungarian army withdrew from the Eastern Front, Kaloy began to try his best to make peace with the West and the Soviet Union in order to preserve Hungary's "victory results".
On March 19, 1944, the German army occupied Hungary, and the power was transferred to the Germans. The German minister in Hungary, the SS member Dr. Edmund Feisenmeier, controlled Hungary, which was only the Germans in full control of the country. Just the beginning.
In October 1944, the Soviet army set foot on the territory of Hungary, and soon they approached Debrecen, the most important city in eastern Hungary. After fierce resistance, the German-Hungarian army under the command of Frisner continued to retreat. Critics of the Hungarian government have secretly traveled to Moscow to sign an armistice.
On January 20, 1945, the Hungarian Provisional Government, supported by the Soviet Union, signed an armistice with the Soviet Union. The capital was occupied by Soviet troops in mid-February.
The most interesting part is:
In March 1945, it also witnessed the last large-scale German attack in World War II - Operation Spring Awakening, but it was clear that the German army could never wake up. After suffering heavy losses, the Soviet army launched a violent counterattack. , drove the German-Hungarian army out of Hungary, and at this time most of the Hungarian army had become deserters or unjust death. The only thing worth mentioning is that because the Soviet army brought the Romanian army, it caused the last madness of the Hungarian army. Although most of them hate war, they can still explode 120% of their strength when they see the Romanian army. , In the Battle of Budapest, the confrontation between the Hungarian and Romanian armies surprised the German and Soviet officers, because they had never seen such "heroic" Romanian and Hungarian troops. The Hungarian army not only successfully defended, but even fought In hand-to-hand combat, the 7th Army of Luo was withdrawn by the Soviet Army to rest after suffering one-third of the casualties (in fact, it is estimated that this unit that could "enhance the morale of the Hungarian Army" was quickly taken away), while the Luo Army's troops Actually "very complaining". This is undoubtedly a no-nonsense spectacle in the Hungarian campaign. In addition, the "Szt. László" division (translated as San Laszló), consisting of army and air force personnel, established in 1944, and some other Hungarian troops rushed westward desperately, finally surrendering to the Western Allies.
The following is a group of photos of the Second World War II Hungarian Army battlefield, you can watch it!
After the war, the Soviet Union occupied Hungary for a long time and profoundly changed the Axis power ideologically!
From 1944 to 1947, Eastern European countries chose the "people's democratic road", which was directly related to the general rise of left-wing radical sentiment in society on the eve of the end of the Anti-Fascist War. At that time, both communists and socialists regarded socialism as the prospect and direction of their own efforts. Although there are various differences in the understanding of socialism between the two sides, they both recognize that the road to socialism will be long, and it will probably take generations to achieve it. They also all believed that since this was a peaceful road free from revolutionary upheavals, there was no need for the dictatorship of the proletariat. However, in terms of specific goals, the socialists mostly yearn for the social reformist way of Western Europe, while the communists often start from the classics and think that "Soviet democracy" is the highest model of democracy, but even so, they hope to achieve peace through peaceful means. Not at the cost of socio-political turmoil, as in the Soviet Union. However, if we look at it from a deeper level, the decisive factor for people's democracy to change from a theoretical assumption to a political reality at the end of World War II came from the outside, first of all, the influence of the Soviet Union. Around 1945, Soviet foreign policy towards Eastern Europe was formed within a contradictory framework in which goals and realities collided. On the one hand, the new European geopolitical status of the Soviet Union provided it with a historical opportunity to promote "building socialism in one country" to "building socialism in one region"; In addition, the Soviet Union needed to take into account the wartime alliances formed with Western countries. The strategy of forcibly promoting socialism in Eastern Europe would lead to hostility, dissatisfaction and opposition from the West, intensifying the contradictions between the two sides. It can be said that in the early postwar period, the institutional arrangement of Eastern Europe moving towards socialism through the progressive parliamentary road served the foreign policy of the Soviet Union. At that time, the main objective of Soviet foreign policy was to ensure that the ties of mutual cooperation between the great powers continued to be maintained, to build a strategic "safety belt" in the countries friendly to the Soviet Union (primarily those located on the Soviet Union's western and southwestern borders), and at the same time in On the basis of the increased influence of the communists after the war and the participation of the communist parties of major Western European countries (such as the Italian Communist Party, the French Communist Party, and the Greek Communist Party), they tried to realize the vision of advancing the "world revolution".
According to the initial thoughts of the leaders of the Soviet Union and Hungary, the people's democratic path in Hungary will go through a rather long historical stage. At the end of 1944, Stalin warned the leaders of the Hungarian Communist Party not to "scare the people" with political slogans, and "to go further, we must wait for the strength to be strong enough". Revaj Joseph, the leader of the ideological work of the Hungarian Party, also publicly declared at the founding conference of the Hungarian Communist Party held at the same time: "Don't think that the national alliance (composed of several political parties) is a short-term political alliance, It's a tactical delay, and the fact is that this alliance will exist for a long time." However, the alliance did not exist for a long time after all. In less than two years, under the direct intervention of the Soviet Union, Hungary's road to people's democracy was interrupted.
From 1948 to 1953, Hungary experienced what American political sociologists Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan called "the most intense period of Stalinization in Eastern Europe." Among them, 1947-1948 can be regarded as the stage of moving from people's democracy to the Soviet model, and in a sense it can also be called a stage of "de-democratization of the people". During this period, the characteristics of the people's democratic road were stripped away little by little, other political parties other than the Communist Party were gradually eliminated from the state power, and nationalization took a faster and greater step.
Beginning in 1947, in order to remove other parties from the coalition government one by one and achieve one-party governance by the Communist Party, the Hungarian Party began to implement the so-called "salami-cutting tactics" (SalamiTactics). For this tactic, the party's general secretary Rakosi Matthias once made a vivid explanation. He said: "We try to achieve power without any difficulty, like cutting sausages, cut by stages, one by one. First, we unite widely; then, we increase our strength in departments such as police, security; In the end, we will squeeze out all the enemies and let them retire to become ordinary people." According to this tactical design, the Independent Small Farmers Party, the largest party in the coalition government, is the first "sausage" to be "cut". On January 5, the Ministry of Internal Affairs under the control of the Hungarian Party issued an announcement, claiming that a seven-member committee headed by the leaders of the former reactionary organization Hungarian Life Party, began to carry out conspiracy activities against the Republic from the second half of 1946, and was ready to sign it in the summer of 1947. The coup d'état against the Hungarian peace treaty and the withdrawal of the Soviet army, the establishment of a political power under the one-party dictatorship of the small peasant party, was the so-called "republic conspiracy case". Subsequently, the leaders of the Hungarian Party used this as an excuse to continuously put pressure on the leaders of the Small Peasants Party, leading to the resignation of Nagy Ferenc, one of the party's founders and the then Prime Minister of the Cabinet, and other members of the Small Peasants Party government. At the same time, under the direct intervention of the Soviet Union, another leader of the party, Tildi Zoltan, then President of the Republic, was also placed under house arrest and sent to Moscow. After being hit so hard, the political influence of the Small Farmers Party plummeted. In November of that year, the Social Democratic Party, the second largest party in the coalition government of the Hungarian Communist Party, defeated the Small Peasants Party in the national election and formed a new government dominated by leftist parties. Subsequently, the Hungarian Communist Party finally achieved the merger of the Social Democratic Party and the Communist Party in June 1948 by attacking and politically cleansing the center and right forces in the Social Democratic Party. At the suggestion of the Soviet Union, the merged party was named the Hungarian Labour People's Party, the general secretary of the party was Rakosi, and the Social Democratic Party ceased to exist as a political entity. In May 1949, Hungary held a national election, and the Labour People's Party won the victory with an absolute advantage without any suspense. Of the 402 elected parliamentary representatives, 285 (71% of the total) are members of the Hungarian Party; of the 15 government ministerial positions, the Hungarian Party holds 11. So far, Hungary has completed the transition from multi-party coalition governance to single-party governance.
However, antagonisms and differences have not been eliminated! There are always fantasists or radicals who try to be realistic in the populace, which you can understand as a symbol of nationality and autonomy!
After a certain stage of development, the "Hungarian Incident" finally appeared.
The Hungarian events took place from October 23 to November 4, 1956.
In February 1956, after the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union completely rejected Stalin, dissidents appeared in the gc parties in Eastern European countries. In Hungary, the patriotic frenzy of the national history has exacerbated this turmoil:
Left-wing intellectuals have evoked the memory of Petofi, the patriotic poet and revolutionary martyr of the Hungarian revolution of 1849. In order to calm the turmoil in Hungary, the Soviet Union ousted Matthias Rakosila, a loyal follower of Stalin and unpopular with the Hungarians, the leader of the Hungarian Communist Party, but further strengthened the Hungarians' demands for independence and democratization. Agricultural failure and fuel shortage made the situation more and more serious, and the demand of the people for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary became stronger and stronger.
On the evening of October 23, 1956, a group of students from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics rallied in a square in Budapest and tore down a statue of Stalin. The small rally quickly attracted others to join the protest. Even Hungarian soldiers joined the protest, tearing up the Soviet star on their hat. Encouraged, the crowd decided to cross the Danube and head towards the parliament building, numbering at least 100,000. Despite the protesters' relatively benign demands, the Hungarian security police (secret police) opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds. The people then flipped police cars and set fire to them, and got a lot of weapons from factory workers, and the headquarters of the Hungarian security police was besieged by the crowd. Authorities managed to support the besieged secret police.
Initially the Soviet Union believed it could cooperate with the new Hungarian government: Soviet troops began to withdraw, and two leaders previously persecuted by Rakosi: Nagy Imre and Catal Janos were appointed Prime Minister and Party No. A secretary. After Najib came to power, he implemented a series of measures, the most important of which was that he announced Hungary's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact, seeking a neutral status that would make Hungary a country similar to Austria and Switzerland.
This attempt to upset the balance allowed the CPSU to start using military power in Hungary. These Soviet soldiers had become accustomed to the Hungarian way of life. Their mission was always to defend the Soviet Union. And this first intervention was confused: for example, when the tank encountered a protest march, the tank accompanied the crowd. While Soviet troops fought in Budapest, the rest of Hungary was largely quiet and peaceful. Soviet commanders and Hungarian revolutionaries frequently negotiated ceasefires.
In Budapest, Soviet troops eventually fought until their hostility to the Revolutionary Army diminished. These changes were too quick and drastic for the Soviet Union or Qatar, who left Budapest to form a new government in eastern Hungary, claiming to save the republic from the counter-revolutionary riots of fascism. Qatar returned to Budapest on 4 November, supported by Soviet tanks. About 200,000 refugees fled to the West, but because Britain and France were busy dealing with the Suez Canal crisis (the military action launched by Britain and France against Egypt on October 29, 1956 in order to win the control of the Suez Canal, together with Israel), the Western There was no possibility that the major powers would intervene, and the Soviet Union then arrested and executed Najib and other prominent leaders on counter-revolutionary charges.
Many of the reforms first introduced in 1956 were retained during the Qatari government, but there were no major changes in diplomacy!
This is the Hungarian incident, and it is just a small episode in the long history!
For a small country in a specific geographical environment, the establishment of a Central European state independent of Germany and the Soviet Union - will always be just a dream. Even in 1993, Hungary "democratized".
Since a small country has no politics, their people can only survive through cracks!
Of course, we cannot curb free thinking and free creation!
As a result, full of a sense of tragic and solemnity, but also with some complaints about Western powers, an epic film called "Children's Honor" was born (in the film, children are fighting with guns, and children are fighting with guns). , who attacked the tank were still children—as opposed to that sly minister, they were all children!)
Because of this, the film is arguably the closest commercial Hungarian production to a Hungarian audience today. It might be an exciting epic.
After the movie won some cheap tears from the audience, let's take a look at the historical pictures of the time!
In fact, what the artillery fire destroyed was homes and human beings, no matter what the identity of the rubble and corpses were!
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