the icy world of arctic and antarctic are as alien to most of us as
the surface of another planet.
they are places of superlatives
It has the ice caps that hold nearly 80% of our planet's fresh water.
they are like the places borrowed from fairytales.
they are the places that feed our imaginations
that is the last wilderness ( [ˈwildənis] n. wasteland, ruins) of our planet.
Nowhere is colder, windier or more hostile (terrifying) to life
the temperature can reduce to minus 70 degree centigrade.
a race to breed before the sun departs
polar bear, the most powerful land predator is on the prowl (seeking alone)
he seems to relish (enjoyment) her scent (smell), even though she is miles away
grunt [grʌnt]v. grunt; make a grunt n. grunt, grunt
snort: v. snort, contempt (or angry)
grunt n. snorting growl [graul]v./ n. barking, roaring; roaring in a low voice, roaring
courting polar bears :
the mating moment might be the only tender encounter(met) in the male polar bears's
solitary life.
a rival suitor:
rival [ˈraivəl]
n. rival a. vt. rivalry; rival
suitor [ˈsu:tə, ˈsju:-]
n. suitor, (legal) plaintiff
courtship has to be put on hold(the courtship process must be put aside first)
the male polar bear is almost spent after the courtship(not only for the mating, but
also for the bloody battles with other rival suitors )
shearwaters travel from australia to the arctic ocean and form the largest gathering
of birds in the world.
greenland is the largest island in the world, and in the middle of the island, the
ice is almost 2 miles thick. It is a bleak the) quiet world.
sapphire-blue melt-lakes are the first sign that a dynamic process is under way.
sapphire [ˈsæfaiə]
n. sapphire, sapphire a. sky blue
when the water from the melt-lakes carves its way across the icy delta, it looks like
the blood flowing along the arteries of a stirring cold-blooeded monster
stirring [ˈstə:riŋ]
a. lively;
the melt water lubricates(lubricates) the junction between the ice and the rock floor
beneath, leading the entire ice sheet sliding dowhill into the ocean.
this makes the glacier destroy everything on its drive downwards towards the sea,
even cutting its way through Greenland's great mountain ranges
this iceberg would dwarf the biggest mankind building.
the first land that can be reached from arctic is a bleak, treeless wilderness known
as tundra
The trees in the treelines is crushingly difficult.
it could take hundreds of years for a seedling to grow into a stunted
shrub .
the wolves want to ambush the bison in the woods.
the wolf pack can feed on one cub bison for several days.
each crystal forms around a particle of dust. All have a six-fold symmetry.
Each snowflake is water waiting to be released in spring.
phantom:
[ˈfæntəm]
n. phantom, ghost, phantom
Taiga, the forest which contaisn one-third of all the trees on Earth.
starkly(completely) different
Penguins are found only in the Southern Hemishpere.
hoot
hoot [hu:t]
v.& n. honk; laugh
squawk
whine
Gentoo penguins
humpbacks would travel 4000 miles from the equator to the antarctic to feed, to
hearvest the richest ocean in the world.
feel the lure of the world, but the explorers were confronted by the highest,
driest and coldest territory on Earth.
bellow: (seal)
bellow [ˈbeləu]
vi. roar vt. shout n. shout[-s] bellows
weddell seals are more docile and easier to tackle.
the whale pod: whales
unleash a powerful wave:
sideswipes create violent underwater turbulence.
lunge to the seal's tail
the most southen vocalno may even be a home for hitherto unknown life forms
hitherto [ˌhiðəˈtu:]
ad. So far
the wind in the antarctic are the fastest on earth, they can reach 200 miles an hour
this sculptured spire is a remnant of a mountain, eroded from all sides by the
ferocious elements
ferocious [fəˈrəuʃəs ]
a. Ferocious, brutal; extremely, very intense
the antarctic ice cap is 3 miles in depth and imprisons 70% of the world's fresh
water.
bone-chilling cold
ultimate in human endeavour(n. endeavour, try, try) and endurance
2. Spring
Adelie Penguin
they come to the bare rock to breed.
pebbles are needed to build a decent nest.
the spring wind blowing from the center of the continent to the coasts are very
ferocious (fierce, brutal; extreme, very strong) on the planet, which makes the spring
the deadliest season.
the den of the polar bear.
rise all the cubs to independence can be a rare achievement.
one cub is underweight, so it would be fortunate for it to survive.
the cub is a welcome snack, but the seals are the mainstay of his diet, cause spring
is the time for the seals to have pups .
although it is more exposed up on the ice surface, but it is easier to see an
approaching bear.
nine out of ten polar bear hunts end in failure.
as spring advances, the ice of the northern river begin to stir.
the dam bursts, and the river is unleashed.
millions of tons of ice grind their way driven downstream by the unstoppable force of
the meltwater.
the vast floods of the northern river in the arctic continent contains 10% of the
world's fresh water.
soon a huge area of ice , the size of australia would vanish and give their place to
the sea water.
it is not an easy job for the mother polar bear to catch a seal with the two cubs in
tow(dragging).
fearsome hunter
the mother can be nursing for 4 months without eating once
narwhal , the unicore of the arctic ocean.
one side concedes.
what is the use of tusk of the narwhals? it is still mysteric
bizzare creatures appear as if from nowhere.They eat the tiny planktons fuelled by
the increasing warmth of the sun and is fertilised by the nutrients brought down by
the great rivers and released from the melting sea-ice.
sea gooseberry (sea gooseberry) strain (tighten) the water with their stinging filaments (filaments).
Their beating cilia (cilia) scatter INTO Dazzling The Sun Burst apos Rays of Color.
scatter [skætə]
VT Caesar (multicast);.. makes spread, disperse vi minutes (elimination) Powder
predatory sea slug flies through the water on translucent it is on the
trail of a swimming snail.
the most voracious of the plankton eaters are the arctic cod (cod)
for this short period the newly the combination of the strengthening sun flowing
rivers and the breaking sea ice, make the arctic ocean teem with life
by tracking the sun, arctic poppies catch its rays around the clock.
the warmth in the flower is even more precious than nectar(nectar) if they are to stay
active in the cold.
woolly bear caterpillar does not need the warmth from the flowers to kick- start its
spring.
caterpillar [ˈkætəˌpilə]
n. caterpillar, butterfly larva
the caterpillar transform itself into a moth after it got enough reserves from the
plants. the caterpillar would freeze solid when winter comes, first its gut, then its
blood.
its days become frantic()
frantic [ˈfræntik]
a. frantic, frantic; frantic and it starts to weave a silk cocoon (cicada cocoon)
birds chirping
chirp [tʃə:p]
vi. chirping
the influx of life is good news for the local residents.
wolves howling
cubs yelping (roaring)
growling
the wolf pack
vicious water wash the Georage island in the antarctic range .
the albatross needs 13 months to fledge (feather, mature), after getting their fluffy
down, they would step up to the challenge of getting into the air.
as the winter storms subsides, life begin to return.
Macaroni Penguins (yellow eyebrow penguin)
the albatross's courtship has the most elaborate display
renew the bond after apart, and they can spend a further 50 years together, one of
the longest parterships in the animal world.
harem, the harem of an elephent seal can contain 50 females, coveted (covet
involved in the North) by Others.
at The Rival IS the ITS equal is.
the when THESE Titans Crash, Bones Crunch.
at The maiden (virgin) Flight IS Very for Crucial for at The Albatross.
at The Ocean Beckon (call) at The Albatross.
the After laying at The Egg , the female penguins leave the job of incubating(brewing) them to
the males while they go down the sea for fishing.
whale whining()
whine [wain]
v. wailing, wailing
3. summer
the melting ice sheet can be 150 miles long
as the season advances, the frozen surface of the ocean disintegrates.
a watery world
the polar bears will be dependent on their mother for 2 year 6 months before they
earn their own lives. + 10 months for the pregnancy.
the polar bear is hungry and searches the ice maze(maze) for seals. (swims 50 miles a
day)
In the open water, the odds are in the seal's favor
the fur of the polar bear is so dense that the water is easy to shake off. and ice
absorbs water like a towel.
the red phalaropes flow all the way from the tropics to feed in these rich arctic
waters. the tiny creatures flourish in the arctic water.
tern: tern,
the center of the colony is hardly tranquil place to rise the young.
have a feisty(cautious) attitute to life
feisty ['faisti]
adj. Angry , active
in a single raid, a bear can destroy hundreds of nests.
the terns can draw blood from the polar bear's muzzle.
the ducklings (small Duck) begins their sprint (sprinting) to new life.
snowy owl finds plenty of lemmings for his mate.
scruffy young of owls (the owlet) eat two lemmings a day.
these owlets keep their parents work around the clock
the owls use their talons to resist from the skua's attack.
talon [ˈtælən]
n. raptor's sharp claws
skua ['skju:ə]
n. skua
musk oxen are immensely powerful, and their sharp horns can kill.
immensely [iˈmensli]
ad. greatly, infinitely
so killing a musk oxen is a formidable task
[ˈfɔ:midəbəl]
a. terrifying; insurmountable, intractable
a calf (calf)
for the musk oxen, it is like one for all, and all for one, and this spirit makes the
wolf's attack futile
futile [ˈfju:tail]
a. ineffective, useless, hopeless
a parent penguin, back with food, must recognizes his chick's call amongst a chorus
of 400000 birds.
chorus [ˈkɔ:rəs]
n. chorus; chorus; chorus vt. speak in unison, echo
penguins honk
honk [hɔŋk]
n. car horns, geese
when the tempture reach a sizzling 17 degrees centigrade, the penguins may get
heatstroke.
sizzle [' sizl]
v. (while frying food) to sizzle, to sizzle
v. to sizzle v. to
perform well
n. to sizzle
THESE Penguins Indulge Themselves with The Full treatment of The Spa (with Glorious
MUD)
Indulge [indʌldʒ]
VT addiction (in); Permissiveness, accommodate, indulging in
for The Fully Feathered Adult Penguins, Their Way of Staying OUT of The heatstroke IS
Cleaner and more invigorating, the bracing water of the ocean. invigorate
[inˈvigəreit]
v. encouraging, encouraging
bracing [ˈbreisiŋ]
a. refreshing
seal groans
groan [grəun]
vi./ n. moaning, complaining; The sound of
the sharp teeth of the seals
inflict terrible injuries. inflict [inˈflikt]
vt.(on) to impose, to suffer, to bear
both algae and krill flourish in the summer sun.
the humpbacks drive the krill to the surface and then strain it from the water with
the baleen sieves in their mouths.
the male killer whale can have a long dorsal fin as high as 2 meters.
they fan out across the strait in search of their quarry )
the whale beach itself(stranded).
as the minke whale tires, the battering and biting begins.
batter [ˈbætə]
v. batter n. (made with eggs, etc.) batter
birds caw [kɔ:]
n.& vi . crow calls (sound)
whale squeal [skwi:l]
n.& v. long, shrill cry
dinghy [ˈdiŋgi]
n. canopy boat, dinghy
cautious [ˈkɔ:ʃəs]
a. very careful, cautious
3. autumn
tempers will flare:
over a half a ton of a bear slams into another.
slam [slæm]
v. slam (put down); slam n.
fight to death over the mates: fight to mate die
maroon [məˈru:n]
v. make (people) lonely and helpless
being marooned on land, these bears are no longer able to catch the seals under the
ice, so they just scrape whatever they can find.
turn vegetarin.
polar bears delicately picking out berries from between the thorns when the ice is
gone. And they do not need to squabble over them, as there are plenty of berries.
squabble [ˈskwɔbəl]
n. squabble
these famous loners are revealing a social playful side in autumn .
boisterous [bɔistərəs]
. a noisy
Belugas, the White Whales of the North.
the Belugas the RELY ON AN Ancient REACH Open Water to Rendezvous
Rendezvous
[rɔndivu:]
. n-rendezvous
ride piggy-back
piggyback
ridding piggy-back, the baby beluga can be put on their mother's slipstream.
slipstream ['slipˌstri:m]
n. (formed by the aircraft propeller) slipstream
v. (in the slipstream formed by the preceding vehicle) driving or cycling
thousands of belugas are being drawn to one special estuary in the Canadian Arctic
for persoanl hygiene.
estuary [ˈestʃuəri]
n. estuary, delta bay
hygiene [ˈhaidʒi:n]
n. hygiene, hygiene
they flail around with enthusiasm and afte a body scrub .
the gravel acts as a loofah and thrashing their bodies across it helps to get rid of
their old skin. This treatment can keep them clean and streamlined.
\
gravel [ˈgrævəl]
n. gravel, gravel
loofah ['lu:fə]
n. Luffa
thrash [θræʃ]
v. whip (stick) to beat; continuous slap (swing); complete defeat
Bliss [BLIS]
n. Bliss, blessing
before Leave The guillemots CAN, MUST Their Chicks fledge.
Guillemot [ 'gilimɔt]
seabirds n. Guillemot such
stubby wings
stubby wings
of He and falls Short Survived The Crashed Landing.
The manna from Heaven are for Chicks AN Arctic Fox.
manna [ 'mænə]
the n-. manna (the Bible of Middle Israel through the wilderness income divine food), food for thought, heaven-sent, wood honey, nectar
Aquatic landings are gentler for the seabirds and the fox can not reach them out
there.
the first storm from the autumn brings an unexpected bonanza for the few that remain.
bonanza [bəˈnænzə]
n. luck, fortune
carcase [kɔ:ps]
n. corpse;
the tastiest morsel of the carcase are often underwater.
morsel [ˈmɔ:səl]
n. A small amount of
socialable
everyday, over 20 000 square miles of water turn to ice as the cold spreads south.
after six months, the cubs have survived the hazards of melting sea-ice in spring and
lack of food in summer. and now they are in their element again.
hazard [ˈhæzəd]
n. hazard, nuisance vt. try to do; risk
the bush plants stop to produce the green pigment that harnesses the sun's energy.
And red and yellow pigments build up in their leaves.
the Tundra Blazes with Color and The Whole Landscape IS transformed.
Blaze [bleiz]
VI burning; light emitting; burst n flame;. brilliant
The Bull Musk oxen breeds in The Autumn They Graze The Last of The Summer grasses..
Graze [Greiz]
vi. Eating grass vt. grazing; scratching; passing over n. scratching (place)
the resident must take the intruder's challenge.
intruder [inˈtru:də]
n. intruder;
this clash of polar Titans could become a fight to the death.
clash [klæʃ]
vi. n. conflict; incoordination
the impact of a rush musk oxen is like a car crash at 30 miles an hour.
a heavy skull and a helmet of horn four inches thick, these musk oxen are like the
most professional fighting athletes.
the advantage between these two fighting musk oxen ebbs and flows. and they try to
finish the duel.
ebb and flow
rise and fall, rise and fall,
duel [ˈdju:əl]
n. duel; argue
if one can turn the other and gore its flank, the fight is then over .
gore [gɔ:]
n. blood clotting,
flank [flæŋk]
n. rib, side (of an animal); flank vt. on the side of
the stakes rise as the risk of injury or even death increases.
stake [steik]
n. stake; stake, stake; stake vt. bet on
the rival is out-manoeuvred.: The opponent is out-of-the-box.
as the autumn approaching, the moisture in the air freezes and hoarfrost(frost)
decorates the leaves.
ice crystals are like diamonds, growing in every twig.
twig [twig]
n. twigs,
glassy cathedrals form ad the remaining water becomes locked up as ice.
Caribu
caribou [ˈkæribu:]
n. caribou
hooves and ice are never meant to go together.
hoof [hu:f]
n. (horse, cattle, etc.) hoof
frisky [ˈfriski]
a. lively, jolly
decisive [diˈsaisiv]
a. decisive; firm, decisive, decisive
a decisive victory for the big male.
autumn in antarctic can be a particularly savage and unpredictable time.
The seal carcase is a price woth braving the surf for.
Giant petrels are the vultures of antarctic.
vulture [ˈvʌltʃə]
n. vulture, vulture eagle
the word is out and the hords move in.
horde [hɔ:d]
n. masses, a large group
after the feast, it is time for a rinse and spin.
rinse [rins]
v. rinse, rinse n. ) wash; hair dye
spin [spin]
v. spin; dizzy; spinning, weaving; drying n. spin
a storm is an omen about the things to come.
omen [ˈəumən]
n. omen
rear [riə]
n./ a. Rear (face, square) (of) vt. Raising, working
around the clock
buoyancy control is clearly a skill that needs practice.
buoyancy [ 'bɔiənsi]
pleasant n. buoyancy, elasticity, mood
The Great White Wilderness IS empty
Squeeze through Narrow GAPS The
tobogganing
Toboggan [tə'bɔgən]
n. bobsleigh
v. long by sled, plunged
their colony is in the lee of icebergs trapped in the frozen ocean.
lee [li:]
n. sheltered places
newly formed pairs promenade together.
promenade [ˌprɔməˈnɑ:d, ˈprɔmənɑ:d]
n.& v. walk, drive
courtship of emperor penguins demands that both partners strike and hold a variety of
poses. It is an important process, as the bond between the couple will have to be an
exceptionally strong one.
emperor [ˈempərə]
n. emperor, monarch
The final act lacks the elegance of the prelude.
prelude [ˈprelju:d]
n. prelude
incubate
ordeal [ɔ:ˈdi:l]
n. suffering, torment, torment
survival in the most brutal conditions on Earth.
walloping towards us
wallop [ˈwɔləp, ˈwɑ:ləp]
v.& n .
whack , slam so there is a lot of adrenaline [ə'drenəlin]
n. adrenaline (to excite, etc.)
= adrenalin
hassle ['hæsl]
n. difficulty, quarrel
v. bother
penguins keep outsmarting us
outsmart [aut 'smɑ:t]
v. Smarter than...
go scuba diving
scuba ['skju:bə]
abbr.
水Breathing Apparatus (=Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) enchanting [inˈtʃɑ:ntiŋ]
a. Favorite
belly flop
5. winter.
plunging temperature:
Plunge [plʌndʒ]
. V / n-(jump) inputs (water);. dash; plunged, dips
the catch More Insulation
Predator CAN Tackle Them
Yearling [ 'jiəliŋ]
n-year-old animals, one-year-old horses.
Winter uses Thick snow to smother the forest.
raven [ˈreivən]
n. raven vi. robbery; gluttonous
can-opener
wolvorine has another name called glutton [ˈglʌtn]
n. glutton
snow can be an ally for some animals
insulator
insulator [ˈinsjuleitə]
. n insulators, insulator
vole
vole [vəul]
n-voles.
The Weasel iS The vole apos Nemesis
Nemesis [nemisis]
n-nemesis, curse.
Blanket
A Time to scraping without by, to the wait.
scraping without by
forced by
Aurora
Aurora [ɔ: rɔ :rə]
n. Aurora (colored lights in the north and south poles at night)
after travelling millions of miles in the space, solar winds, attracted by the
magnetic pull of the poles, collide with the earth's atmosphere.
Trillions of charged particles dance in the sky.
the Aurora Borealis
Northern Lights
at the Northern Lights
ADJ. North
in at the South, iS IT at the Aurora Australis, at the Southern Lights.
at the Weddel Seal Would Also at the Antarctic Continent is a REMAIN in at the Winter in.
They need to rasping Away Fresh UPS with Special Build-Wide -gaped jaws.
sponge [spʌndʒ]
n. sponge vt. wipe with a damp sponge (or cloth), wipe
swimming patterns in the water reveal the presence of the constant danger in the
antarctic ocean in the winter times. That is made by brine, super-concentrated salt
water.
brine [brain]
n. brine, seawater
the lethal cold of winter
the female penguins return sleek and fat after fishing all winter.
sleek [sli:k ]
a.
the female's need for nurture remains strong, any chick that strays from its parent
is at grave risk of being kidnapped.
stray [strei]
vi. stray; wandering a. lost n. lost livestock
nurture [ˈnə: tʃə]
vt.／ n. to nurture, to nurture, to nourish
the chaos may be a consequence of frustrated parental urge.
frustrate [frʌˈstreit]
vt. to frustrate, to discourage; to frustrate, to be frustrated
choose between dexterity or warmth.
aerial team
aerial [ ˈeəriəl]
a. Airplane (aviation); aerial n. Antenna
Watching these two animals engaged in this massive life and death struggle was one
of the most powerful things I have watched in the wildhos.
all of them have been humbled by witnessing an extraordinary winter struggle for
survival.
humble [ˈhʌmbəl]
a. humble; humble; humble vt.
dexterity [dekˈsteriti]
n. skillful, dexterous
6. the last frontier
hostile to life
hostile [ˈhɔstail]
a. hostile, hostile , unfriendly; enemy
Longyearbyen: the most northerly town on Earth.
the full moon shed the light into the darkness.
In Siberia, the Russian Arctic, the minerals have given rise to large cities.
Norilsk: the coldest city on Earth .
the benefits could outweigh the pain.
The Dolgan lives on the tundra of the Arctic region.and they are reindeer people
reindeer
[ˈreindiə]
n. reindeer
the children have to be swen into their clothes to prevent instant frostbite.
The Dolgan use reindeer fur to insulate their huts.
insulate [ˈinsjuleit]
vt. to insulate, to insulate, to insulate; to isolate, to
round up their strongest animals with lassoes
lasso [læˈsu:]
n. lasso (for catching cattle and horses)
Some Inuit men live in Chukotka(the northeastern corner of Russia)
they fight their way through a dangerous maze.
maze [meiz]
n. maze
the ice floes can crash their boat like eggshells
puffs of steamy air
puff [pʌf]
v. gasp; smoke; puff n. (puff) a puff of smoke; gasp
a tow-tonne seal with formidable tusks.
formidable [ˈfɔ:midəbəl]
a. terrible; insurmountable, intractable
walrus [ˈwɔ:lrəs]
n. walrus
the parpoon sticks firmly in the walrus's thick layer of blubber and floats attached
to it prevent the animal from diving.
harpoon [hɑ:ˈpu:n]
n. (whaling) harpoon
blubber ['blʌbə]
v. cry No.,
cry n. cry, blubber, fat
adj. swollen, fat
parcel up the meat in bags made of the animal's skin.
parcel up
vt. Packing (bundling)
walrus-skin boat
guillemot ['gilimɔt ]
n. Seabirds like
guillemot works his way back up the crumbling rock face.
crumble [ˈkrʌmbl]
vt. shatter vi. collapse, disintegrate
the frozen ground never thaws to allow these arctic people to grow plants.
thaw [θɔ:]
v. (to) melt; (to) become friendly n. to melt; ease
the reindeer move in the summer not only to find fresh pasture, but also to avoid the
summer swarm of bloodsucking flies. The local herders drive their reindeers to the
sea to keep them healthy.
pasture [ˈpɑ:stʃə]
n. pasture, pasture vt. grazing
cargo
walrus' meat has been fermenting in its skin bags for two months.
ferment [fəˈment]
v.& n. to ferment, to stir
the herders barter reindeer skins for walrus meat
barter [ˈbɑ:tə]
vi. to trade
a fry-up of guillemot eggs is all the better when shared with old friends .
the arctic people have devised ways to deal with the hostile and changing conditions,
which have stood the test of time.
devise [diˈvaiz]
vt. invent, plan, come up with
patrol [pəˈtrəul]
v. patrol, patrol n. patrol, patrol; patrol
The Men are dependent Totally The stamina of Their Dogs ON, ON Which Will Keep
running through The Bitter Cold All of The Winter.
stamina [stæminə]
n-. endurance
crevasse [krə'væs]
n-. crack, break, collapse at
the Aurora Borealis were dancing spirits. Now we know it is caused by electrically
charged particles streaming from the sun attracted by the magnetic pull of the
Earth's poles.
understanding the aurora is vital
vital [ˈvaitl]
a. ; full of life
Alaska use rockets to study the Lights.
the smoke is blown by fierce winds, which are generated by the aurora.
how this unearthly spectacle affects our atmosphere.
spectacle [ˈspektəkəl]
n. (massive) spectacle; spectacular [pl.] spectacles
they monitor the aurora to help protect us from its effects.
99% of the land in Antarctica are permanently blanketed by ice. Antarctica is so
utterly remote and inhospitable.
splendor [ˈsplendə]
n. magnificent
the lure of adventure still draws intrepid travellers today.
intrepid [inˈtrepid]
a. brave
scene in Antarctica is magnificent and dramatic.
magnificent [mægˈnifisənt]
a. magnificent, magnificent; gorgeous; excellent
dramatic [drəˈmætik]
a. Dramatic, dramatic n. (pl.) Dramatic work, opera
international treaty
nimble [ˈnimbəl]
a. nimble; witty
creep above -30 degrees centigrade.
creep [kri:p]
vi.
Creeping , marching slowly Steam from the vents of the vocalno is constantly sculpting this labyrinth that
extends deep under the ice.
labyrinth [ˈlæbərinθ]
n. labyrinth
scientists work on the very rim of Erbus crater
rim [rim]
n.( Circular object) edge, edge vt. around... edge
crater [ˈkreitə]
n. crater; crater (such as a crater, crater, etc.)
cling film
n.
Scott hauled their sleds over 100 miles up a glacier, the Beardmore.
haul [hɔ:l]
vt./ n. (forcefully) drag, pull; (with a car, etc.) haul, transport
The Antarctica Plateau, Covered by AN Unbroken Sheet of ICE larger Within last by Western
Europe, IS The coldest, The windiest, The MOST lifeless Place ON Earth.
Plateau [plætəu]
n-plateau; Stable period (or state) (the rise)
Stargazer
stargazer ['stɑ:ˌgeizə]
n. visionaries, astrologers, astronomers, star watchers
open up the last frontier
take their lives in their hands everyday to find the food.
intestine [inˈtestin]
n. intestine
the cliff can be treacherous
treacherous [tretʃərəs]
a betrayed; dangerous
the If ON Fell that of He, IT iS Absolutely Horrendous.
Horrendous [hɔrendəs]
sketchy [sketʃi]
a rough.
a terrible, frightening.
MOST Hardcore Thing
. 7. on thin ice
Norwegian team
yearly health check
anaesthetic injection from a dart gun without hurting the bear.
adj. anesthesia
n. anesthetic, anesthesia
=anesthetic(美)
anesthetic [ˌænisˈθetik]
n. anesthetic
lolling about unconscious on the ice is not a good sign for the polar bears .
loll [lɔl]
v. sit or lie lazily
the condition of the local bear deteriorate
deteriorate [diˈtiəriəreit]
vi. deteriorate, deteriorate
apprehensive [ˌæpriˈhensiv]
a.
the pup of the ringed seal
As the ice dwindles, so Chances of a Bear's at the successful Hunt.
IT iS a Case of sink or Swim.
blanket Toss
(similar bouncer threw a blanket)
the For at the Animals and people, Those the WHO CAN IT BE by Will Adapt the WHO by Will Thrive in a
changing Arctic.
As the ice can reflect 90% of the sun's energy, it is called albedo effect. That is
why we see the heat haze in the Arctic even when the air feels cold.
The whole Arctic works as a huge reflector bouncing back the sun's heat into space.
The whole Arctic absorbing heat rather than reflecting it, makes it the region the
size of North America.
rumble [ˈrʌmbl]
vi./ n. (send) rumble (walk) vt. perceive, see through
the running water flowing from the sappphire-blue lakes come to an abrupt end.
abrupt [əˈbrʌpt]
a. sudden, unexpected; abrupt, reckless
Mulin is a pipe through the thick ice sheet which flows lots of water through.
tonnes of water cascade down this pipe that is effectively plummeting to the depths
of the ice sheet through over a kilometer of vertical ice.
moulin [mu:'læn]
n. Glacier potholes
they travel back in time, 40 meters down, they reach the ice that formed from the
snow that fell 10,000 years ago , in the last ice age.
swamp most of the world's low-lying islands.
the study of the ice retreat was unwittingly begun on an expedition led by the great
earliest expleror Ernest Shackleton
in tribute to Schackleton and his boatmen
the penguins number are in decline .
a one kilogram of pentolite explosive can be used to generate a shockwave.
pentolite ['pentəlait]
n.
pentolite record the echoes that come back from underneath the ice.
I gauge when the river is going to hit here.
gauge [geidʒ]
n. gauge; diameter; gauge vt. estimate; gauge
8. sciences at the end of the earth.
the vegetables are grown using a system of hydroponics
hydroponic [ˌhaidrə'pɔnik]
adj.
Inside here is a comfortable 25 degrees Celsius
meteorology
meteorology [mi:tiəˈrɔlədʒi]
n. meteorology
specimens
specimen [ˈspesəmən]
n. specimen, specimen
transantarctic
the appalling surface of the transantarctic mountains in the antarctic region.
appalling [əˈpɔ:liŋ]
a. appalling Yes , terrible
plateau
the achievement was tainted by the fact that the Norwegian team got there first.
Scott and others perished on their return journey.
the dome was superseded. Its panels dismantled and removed without trace in 2010.
supersede [ˌsu:pəˈsi:d, ˌsju:-]
vt. replaced
modern ground-penetrating radar which can effectively see through the ice.
penetrate [ˈpenitreit]
v. penetrate (to penetrate) to penetrate; to penetrate, to penetrate; to penetrate, to understand
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