The end of the film is the appearance of the Lionheart~ The following article can be regarded as a continuation of the kingdom of heaven. If filmed. To be such a movie, it must be very spectacular.
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Lionheart King Richard the Lionheart & Saladin Empires-Holy Warriors Richard the Lionheart & Saladin
1. The monarch of Ayub, Saladin,
in 1193 AD, two monarchs died at the same time in the East One is the longevity emperor of the Xixia Dynasty, the great grandson of the founding emperor Li Yuanhao, Renzong Li Renxiao. At the age of 70, the extremely powerful Xixia reached its peak in his hands, and fell into decline after his death. However, the Xixia monarch's Yanjia did not have any impact on the world, and he was unknown in history. This chapter is about Saladin, another great king of the East, who passed away on February 16th of the same year.
His fame has been passed down to contemporary China, when the Chinese called him a khan in green clothes. "Da Shi" was originally the name given by the ancient Persians to the Arabs. The Chinese borrowed the name from the Persians, such as the Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad from 750 to 1258 AD (the country is extremely well-developed in astronomy and science, which was later destroyed by Mongolia) , The Chinese call it "black-clothed food". The green-clothed food in history actually refers to the Fatima dynasty, the predecessor of Saladin’s Abhatyu dynasty. The Fatima dynasty was established in Tunisia in 909 AD and moved to Cairo in the early 10th century. A large country in West Asia and North Africa. Saladin hadn't made it yet.
Saladin was born in 1138, which was the day when China's Southern Song Dynasty made the capital Hangzhou, and it was also four years before the murder of China's great military commander Yue Fei. The place of birth was in Tikrit, which is in the northern part of Iraq, which is the place. More than 800 years later, another famous person was born. We will mention him in the following content.
Saladin grew up in Baalbek and Damascus, and initially served as an adult under his uncle Assad, who was then a general of the Nurdin Kingdom of Aleppo, Syria. In 1169, when the young Saladin was 31 years old, he was already the prime minister of the Fatimid dynasty of Egypt and the governor of Alexandria. At that time, the Fatimid dynasty was on the verge of collapse due to internal and external troubles. At the beginning of this year, Prime Minister Shawar was killed in collusion with foreign enemies, and the young Saladin replaced him and took over the mess of this declining dynasty. This is just the beginning of this young hero's ambition and great cause. Under his savvy management and benevolent governance, his national strength was quickly restored, and he has become a hero that all Egyptians worship and admire. In 1171, after the death of the caliph Adid of the Fatima dynasty, Saladin effortlessly replaced Fatima with his unparalleled prestige in the country and established the new Ashok dynasty. He is the new dynasty's monarch.
At this time, Saladin was only 33 years old, full of vigor, and unwilling to be unwilling. In 1174, Saladin's immediate boss, King Nur of the Nurdin Kingdom of Aleppo, Syria, was a subject to his dynasty. After King Ding died, Saladin decisively severed relations with the Kingdom of Nurding and declared his Ayub dynasty independence. Not long after he saw that the time was right, he led his troops to attack the Kingdom of Nurding. In 1183, he captured Aleppo, the capital of the country, and the Kingdom of Nurding was destroyed. Afterwards, the surrounding small states watched the wind and returned. In 1185, Saladin successfully captured Mosul and established an unprecedented but unparalleled Arab empire at an incredible speed. The territory included present-day Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Yemen and present-day northern Iraq.
After the reunification of the Arab kingdom was basically completed, Saladin began his real career-fighting the Crusaders.
2. The origin of the
Crusades and the Seljuk Turkic the first crusade was from 1096 to 1099. On November 26, 1095, at a meeting of the Holy See after the Saint-Martin Festival held in Clemans in southern France, Pope Urban II of the Roman Church used his unparalleled eloquence to conduct interviews with tens of thousands of Christians. One speech.
It is necessary to briefly introduce the background of this brilliant speech. Since 636 AD, the holy city of Jerusalem, the birthplace of the three religions, has been ruled by the Islamic Arab empire. At first, the Arabs were kind to Christians, and the two religions could live in peace for a certain period of time. River water. However, this balance was broken after a group of Turks-the Seljuk Turks established the Turkic Seljuk Empire (the predecessor of the Ottoman Empire and the ancestor of the Turks) in Asia Minor, which believed in the Sunni Islamism. At the beginning of their rise, the Turkic people expanded at an alarming rate, repeatedly defeating the once-strong Byzantine Empire and Persia. The Seljuk Turks at that time and the Turks today were not as friendly and tame to the Christian Western world as they are today. At that time they were fierce and extreme. Christians in the Middle East continued to suffer from their appalling persecution, and many Christians were brutalized. Killed, more people are forced to change their faith in God and Christ to believe in Islam. This caused great outrage in the entire Christian world.
Coupled with the loss of half of the Orthodox Orthodox Church, the Byzantine emperor Alex I asked for help from the Roman Church and the countries of Western Europe, prompting a desire to unify Christianity (Christianity was split into Constantinople Orthodox in 1054 and The Catholic Church of the Holy See), the establishment of the supremely authoritative world church, and the suppression of the Holy Roman Emperor and the monarchs of these secular political forces, the ambitious Pope Urban II made up his mind to wage war.
The Pope’s speech was sensational and successful. He counted the crimes of the Turks who contaminated the holy land and persecuted Christians in Jerusalem:
"God’s people, the Turks have invaded and occupied our holy land, Jerusalem. They are ravaging and destroying the kingdom of God. In the Christian church, the pious people of God are captive, the chaste women are insulted, and the blood of the baptized children is greedily drunk. The Lord personally encourages you, all those who have the rank of knights must quickly provide assistance to the Eastern Christians and treat the wicked ones. The nation is driven out of our territory..."
"Jerusalem, as the Bible says, was given to the descendants of Israel by God, and it is filled with milk and honey. Jerusalem is the center of the earth. It is fertile and richer than all the lands in the world. It is another paradise full of joy. We are everywhere here with poverty, hunger, and sorrow. The old man is almost dead. The carpenters keep nailing the coffins, and the mothers holding the bodies of their children are distraught. The East is so rich, gold, spices, and peppers. It’s all, why do we sit here and wait for death?"
"...Let us plunge into a sacred war, a great crusade to regain the Holy Land for the Lord!... If you let the slaves of the devil? What a shame it would be to rule the people trusted by the Lord! In the authority that the Lord has given me, I solemnly declare that if those who join the Holy Army lose their lives on the way or in battle, the Lord will forgive me. All their sins..."
"...Now on behalf of God, I order, plead and call on you to act quickly to wipe out the evil race from our brother’s land!... Jerusalem is the center of the world, it It’s rich in resources, just like another paradise. Under the guidance of God, bravely embark on the journey!”
-In this way, under the instigation and call of the Pope, Christians in Western Europe have a fanatical belief. Organized an expeditionary force to invade the east. In February 1096, the priest Peter of the Abbey of Amiens in France and the German knight Falter organized the first crusade composed of serfs and civilians from Western Europe. It was called the "Poor People's Crusade" in history and marched to the east with great strength. .
By the way, the Seljuk Turks mentioned here, the descendants of the Turks who were active on the border of China in the Far East earlier, are a member of the Ugus tribe of the Western Turkic Khanate. It was the Chinese conquering and expelling them in the seventh century that forced the Turks to stay away from their homes and seek development in Asia Minor. In the tenth century, under the leadership of its chief Seljuk, he crossed the Syr Darya River into the middle of the river area, so he was called the Seljuk Turkic people. Therefore, the outbreak of the Crusades was unbelievably related to the Chinese people.
The soldiers who participated in the expedition had crosses sewn with red cloth stitched on their clothes, so they were called "Crusades." But this "Poor People's Crusade" was a mob. Before they could get the response and dispatch of their respective monarchs, they hurriedly went east to realize their dreams. For such a huge expeditionary army, lack of supplies is a fatal problem, so they staged what the Li Guangli expeditionary army of the Western Han Dynasty of China did centuries ago in Central Asia. Thing-they had to plunder for survival along the way. This army, full of hatred against the heathens, passed like a locust plunder, crossing the Danube into Eastern Europe. The first to be trampled on was Hungary, which was looted and killed tens of thousands. Then came the Byzantium, who had appealed to them for help, and near Belgrade, they and the Slavs suffered a loss. A few months later, the Crusaders, with less than half their original strength, finally crossed the Bosphorus Strait to Asia Minor with the help of the treacherous Byzantine emperor Alexei I. They went to die, and the result was naturally annihilated, with only a few thousand survivors.
At the beginning of 1097, a regular army of 30,000 soldiers, composed of nobles and knights of the Western monarchies, was divided into 4 groups and joined Constantinople. This army was dominated by French nobles, and the main leader was Bochment of Norman Knight Otranto. , They still enter Asia Minor from the Bosphorus Strait. This time the Seljuk Turks met their opponents, and the main force of the Seljuk Lumu Sudan Kingdom was attacking Persia, and the internal defense was empty. As a result, under the fierce attack of the Knights Crusade, they lost the capital of Nicaea. The two major cities of Edessa and Antioch were also captured by the Crusaders, and the Crusaders established the Kingdom of Edessa and the Principality of Antioch in these two places. Then in 1099, the Crusaders captured the holy city of Jerusalem and established the Kingdom of Jerusalem. A series of Christian countries established by the Crusaders along the way were all attached to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in name. In order to consolidate and govern the occupation of these places, the Pope also approved the establishment of the Knights Templar, the Knights of Hospital and the Teutonic Order.
It was a nightmare for the pagans in Jerusalem on July 15, 1099, when the city broke. Once Christians who believe in God are armed and go to battle, they are no different from secular thugs. Doing evil in the name also has a halo from condemnation of conscience, because when doing evil is in the name of God, and there is a curse that "he who is not stained with blood will be cursed". After the city was broken, the holy city was full of slaughter and looting of civilians. Islamic pagans were headed. In the Al-Aqsa Mosque alone, 70,000 innocent pagan civilians were slaughtered without a lifetime. Jerusalem on July 15 was a personal purgatory under the ravages of the Crusaders.
The Byzantine emperor Alexei I seized the opportunity to pick up 蒌 and regained the territory of northern Asia Minor. The powerful Seljuk Lumusudan Kingdom was reduced to a weak subject. King Kailais swallowed his anger and survived, always waiting for an opportunity to rejuvenate. Decades later, his son Kailes II lived up to expectations, pretending to tame Byzantium, secretly expanded his power in eastern Asia Minor, and finally defeated the then Byzantine emperor Manu at the Battle of Myrio Fakron in 1176. Er, the Byzantine Empire was driven out of Asia Minor, and the restoration was successful. This father and son really have the demeanor of Yue Wang Goujian.
3. The
second crusade took place in 1147-1149. At this time, although the Turks had not recovered the glory of the empire before the First Crusade, most of their strength had been restored. In 1144, they captured the territory of Edsab, which they had lost in their hands, and regained it. Partially lost ground. Immediately, the army crushed the territory and approached other Christian satellite nations established by the Crusaders in the east. In 1147, the German Emperor Konrad III and the French King Louis VII led the German and French coalition forces to launch a second crusade to clean up the Turks. But this time the Turks learned well, and they dared not to underestimate the enemy and waited for work. They concentrated their superior forces and fought a few beautiful battles. In October, they defeated the crusaders of Emperor Konrad III in Asia Minor; in July of the following year, they repelled in Damascus. The Crusaders of King Louis VII. The German-French Alliance Crusade failed.
Although the Christians suffered a severe setback and vitality during the Second Crusade, the Turkic people did not have enough power to blast the Christians out of the east. The Christians have always been cherished, obsessed with conquering the East and conquering the pagans. After almost half a century, finally ushered in the most exciting third crusade in the history of world war.
This Eastern Expedition can be called the battle of the kings, because the greatest kings in the history of the world will appear one after another to compete on this battlefield for who is the true hero.
Saladin, the monarch of the Ayub dynasty, miraculously established his great Islamic empire, and then embarked on his most important plan to attack the crusaders from east to west. He is a military commander with a long-term strategic vision. In order to win this war, he has made a series of diplomatic efforts. The first is to stop his expansion of his fellow religions. In order to unite the whole Islamic world, he does not hesitate to respect the Habanese haircut of the Abbasid dynasty of Baghdad (that is, the Chinese call the "black food"), which he has always looked down on, as a religion. Leader, despite how dissatisfied and rude the faint caliph was towards him. The second is to adopt a differentiation strategy against Christians in Byzantium and Western Europe. In 1182, the Byzantine Empire, which had already been exposed, did a stupid thing, somehow broke with Western Europeans, massacred many Western Europeans, and greatly offended the Holy See. The astute Saladin took the opportunity to show his favor to Byzantium at this time, and concluded a peace treaty of non-interference and war. The rejuvenated Turkic Seljuk Empire also took the initiative to show good wishes to Saladin. In this way, his future attacks on the Crusade Kingdom were resolved in one fell swoop.
In the winter of 1186, Renard, one of the powerful figures in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, who had the title of Duke of France, once again robbed an Egyptian caravan from Cairo to Damascus like a thief, as he was used to doing before. He also tore up the peace agreement he made with Saladin twice. This made Saladin, who had a generous personality, also angry, because the Egyptians were his people. He first politely protested to King Guy of Jerusalem, asking them to release the merchants and return the goods. Reynard, who did not live or die, said contemptuously, let Saladin go to Muhammad to ask for it. The implication was to let him go to hell! Saladin was furious and vowed to kill the rascal Renald himself. The holy city of Jerusalem was originally his goal, and this time just gave him ample excuse.
In late June 1187, Saladin mobilized a large number of soldiers and horses from the headquarters of the empire and the territories of Howland, Aleppo, Izdin Mosul and other territories, about 20,000 people, assembled in Egypt, marched towards the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and launched The battle to overthrow the holy city. He adopted the tactic of hitting the west and besieging the city of Tbilisi (also translated as Tiberias). The city of Tbilisi was the title of Countess Ashfat of Tripoli, and she knew that she would not be able to go under Saladin. After several rounds, he hurriedly asked Raymond III, Earl of Tepoli, his husband as the regent in Jerusalem, to ask King Guy for help. Raymond is a veteran with many battles. Although he is violent, he is a clear-headed military commander. He also knows the strength of Saladin. Therefore, when his wife asks for help, he advocates not to move and act prudently. If this battle is presided over by him, perhaps Saladin may not be able to easily succeed. But at that time, the upper echelons of the Jerusalem regime were full of contradictions. Several powerful figures such as Reynard and Gerard of Ridford, the leader of the "Knights Templar", and King Guy had their own ghosts and intrigues with each other. , Fighting for power, the gap is extremely deep. Renard is a fanatical knight, so he yelled Raymond as a coward and a traitor, and tried to persuade the king to send his troops. Immediately, 1200 knights, 2,000 cavalry, and more than 10,000 infantry were formed. Regardless of Raymond's repeated warnings, they proceeded toward Tbilisi.
All this is under the control of Saladin. There is a long section of plateau desert from Jerusalem to the city of Tbilisi. When Saladin pretended to attack Tbilisi, he had laid ambushes in this area. The Crusaders continued to suffer The ambushes and harassment of Saladin's riding and shooting troops were tortured and haggard, and the marching speed was very slow. When the Crusaders arrived near Harding (also translated as Harding, Haiting), they were exhausted. The soldiers were all very hot, hungry and thirsty, and the main force was out of touch. The previous enthusiasm of chivalry had no fighting spirit. , So that this battle, which was originally quite powerful, showed a completely one-sided situation. The formation and tactics of the cavalry and infantry in the Crusade did not work at all, and they were quickly defeated under the intensive siege of Saladin. Until the end, the king erected the sacred "True Cross", which is the highest totem of religious belief, and he could only stabilize the formation slightly and delay the situation, but in the end it was an irreversible defeat. Saladin has made full preparations for this battle, from psychological warfare to fire attack, inexhaustible, which is comparable to any brilliant commander in Chinese history. In the end, the battle of Harding was completely won.
In this fierce battle, the entire Crusade was annihilated, and the holy relic fell into the hands of Saladin, the leader of the Knights Templar, Gerard of Ridford and Bishop Aka were killed, and King Guy and Reina were killed. Erd was captured, and only Raymond rate a small amount of confidant to make a bloody way out of the siege. But died three months later. After the crushing defeat of the Crusades, the cities of the Kingdom of Jerusalem were at your fingertips. On October 4, Saladin easily overthrew the holy city, just as he built his Saracen (general name for the Arab nation) empire, relaxed and miraculous. He accomplished one of the greatest feats in Islamic history.
The Muslim world worships Saladin, of course, because Saladin is their unborn hero for thousands of years, and is their eternal pride. But in the eyes of other nations in the West and the East, Saladin is most respected for his noble demeanor and generosity, rather than his military talents, because every great nation can find several merits no less than His hero.
At that time, there were more than 100,000 Christians in the recovered holy city of Jerusalem, as well as a large number of captured crusaders. Everyone felt that disaster was imminent. They were talked about by Christians in this city more than 80 years ago. The massacre of Islamic pagans that has been recorded in the annals of history is still in my ears. If Muslims want to avenge bloody revenge for the massacre, no one would think it was reasonable at that time. However, Saladin's actions were completely unexpected. Immediately after breaking the city, he ordered the soldiers not to kill and plunder, preserve the lives and property of all Christians, and allow them to return home with their property after paying a small amount of ransom. This is simply an incredible move. More than 80,000 Christians have embarked on the way back home under the protection of Saladin’s Islamic heathen soldiers. Saladin's younger brother Adil also acted like a brother. He actually took out money from his private house to give the husband's widow who died in battle some household expenses, and paid a ransom for more than 2,000 poor Christians. In fact, only more than 18,000 people could afford the ransom, but then many poor people who could not pay the ransom were let go by their brothers casually.
In addition to the general belief that Saladin’s release of Christians was due to his own generosity and kindness, there are also two not-so-widely spread theories: One is that Saladin released Christians because of Jesus. The Christian garrison in the city took the Islamic people in the city as hostages, threatened to die together, destroyed the holy city, razed the Omar Mosque to the ground, and forced Saladin to promise to release all Christians. However, if you refer to Saladin’s habitual magnanimous style of this kind of argument, you will know that it is not valid; another argument is that Saladin was influenced and persuaded by his personal Christian friends, which prompted him to treat Christ with mercy. Disciple’s decision.
Saladin was very kind to the prisoners of war. He released King Guy and the noble knights lightly. Ordinary officers and soldiers were not killed, and they were sold as trophies to Egypt for hard labor. There is also a very touching story from the West. It is said that Saladin is proficient in Latin. He traveled many times in Western Europe in micro-services as a teenager. Once he was hospitalized by a European aristocratic couple inadvertently, which kept him in mind. Cited as a confidant. A few years later, the nobleman joined the war and was captured and became Saladin's slave. After discovering his deceased, Saladin tried every means to get his friends back to Europe to reunite with his family as quickly as possible.
Saladin's actions not only embarrassed Westerners but also Chinese people. In Chinese history, it is not difficult to find an emperor commander with military talents and merits comparable to Saladin. However, Bai Qi slayed 400,000 of Zhao’s soldiers, the King of Western Chu slayed 200,000 of Qin’s troops, and the parachutist Li Guang also killed 800 Qiangs. Although the Hussar General was brave and brave, he went out every time. He brought tens of thousands of heads back at every turn...In the cruel wars of the Dark Ages, Saladin was the only humanitarian.
However, Saladin is the monarch of Muslims after all, and has irreconcilable points with the Holy See in terms of religious beliefs. The only thing he hates is the members of the "Knights Templar" founded by the Pope of Rome, that is, the legendary paladins and rangers. He regards these people as enemies of the faith and it is difficult to tolerate them. Therefore, the "Knights Templar" is included. About 200 paladins including the regiment were executed, and some ordinary soldiers who did not want to be slaves to pagans also voluntarily joined the ranks of paladins to die. The least tolerated was Duke Reynard, and Saladin kept his oath and killed him by himself.
The reason why I spend so much writing on this famous allusion of Saladin's interpretation of Christians is because Saladin is the horror king Bin Laden and the tyrant Sada, who are hailed as Islamic heroes by Muslims in today's Muslim world. My idol.
Mr. Bin Laden doesn’t need to talk about him anymore. The Saladin he worships is indeed the patron saint of Muslims. Bin Laden himself often praises himself. However, Saladin never targets civilians and spends his entire life with honesty and integrity. The western army fights. Many Muslims regard Mr. Bin Laden as an Islamic hero, but if he is compared with Saladin, it is a blasphemy of his national and religious heroes.
Bin Laden is actually a descendant of Saladin’s contemporary Hassan bin Sabah. He belongs to the Shi’ite sect. He has a secret organization specializing in assassinations and cultivates religious fanatics. Pai is hailed as the "Avenger of Allah". At that time, the famous kings of the East and the West who were invincible on the battlefield also had a headache for these invisible and intangible opponents. Even Saladin gave them three points, so that he and the German emperor and the French king gave a lot of money to Kazakhstan. Sang Suan paid the "protection fee." Bin Bin Laden's "Al Qaeda" terrorist organization is like a replica of Hassan's Assassin Assassin organization.
So, in contrast, Saladin is a heroic and stalwart husband, while Mr. Bin Laden stands in front of him like a wretched and invisible thief.
As for Saddam, he is the famous person who was born in Tikrit in northern Iraq with Saladin mentioned in the first chapter of this article. In addition to adoring Saladin, Saddam often compares himself to Saladin. What he likes most is that some people call him "modern Saladin." His dream is to unify the Arab empire like Saladin and reappear The brilliance of the Latin era. This is also the reason why he attacked everywhere in Iraq when he came to power. Israel, Iran, Kuwait...he has never stopped fighting, and these are all manifestations of his strong "Saladin complex."
"I think Saladin is a great leader because he has the ability to use the spirit of the nation; he injected his life into the Arab nation, unified her, and gave her a goal and will, so he won the crusade A brilliant victory, he proved that Muslims are no worse than Christians."-Iraqi President Saddam Hussein
I don't understand whether Mr. Saddam reads history, but he is really wrong on two points. The first point is that Saddam himself is violent, suspicious, sinister, cruel, selfish, moody, murderous...Although he has lofty ideals, he has almost the characteristics of most tyrants in human history.
Saladin is completely different from him. Saladin is the lord of mercy. Although Saladin has spent his entire life in battle, his benevolent nature is destined to not kill innocent civilians in vain. He has the noble and broad-mindedness of the ancient aristocracy, which no one can imitate. His secretary Ibn Shadad recorded some daily details of Saladin in his biography. For example, once, a reckless veteran cavalry handed him a letter of complaint from a soldier when Saladin was exhausted. Latin told him that he didn't want to read it for the time being, but the daredevil stubbornly asked him to read it, and he forced the letter to Saladin. Saladin had no choice but to read the letter. The impatient veteran cavalry then asked him to sign immediately. There was no ink around Saladin, and the ink was on the other end of the military tent, so he motioned to the old cavalry to take it, but the veteran, who was totally inhumane, motioned to his king to take it by himself. Saladin didn't think so, smiled faintly, crawled over and signed the veteran with ink.
Secretary Ibn Shadad saw this, very surprised, sincerely praising Saladin's kindness, Saladin just smiled, not commenting.
If Saddam is allowed to stand next to Saladin, then Saladin is a gentleman of sunshine, and Saddam is like a tyrannical man who is difficult to get along with.
Another point, and the most crucial difference, is that although Saladin was the emperor of the Saracen Empire, he was not an Arab, but a Kurd whose blood is closer to the Persians, although the Kurds and the Arabs In ancient times, they seem to belong to the same descendants of Mesopotamia, but the Islamic Arabs, Turks, Persians and Kurds living in West Asia are four different ethnic groups after all. Kurds used to be a nomadic people in history, belonging to the Persian family of Indo-European languages, and Sunni Islam. Its population today is more than 30 million, distributed in countries in West Asia, including 18 million in Turkey, 7 million in Iran, 5 million in Iraq, 1 million in Syria, 100,000 in Lebanon, and 100,000 in Azerbaijan and Armenia. Because they did not have their own land, they were cast aside like the Jews at the time, and they were repeatedly suppressed by various countries because of the struggle for independence.
This nation, that is, the Kurdish tribe that Saddam used to deal with the bloody massacre of hundreds of thousands by Saddam not long ago, is also the Kurdish tribe who was brutally suppressed by the Turks. They are the direct descendants of Saladin. Saladin the Great was rampant in the world back then, making all the kings of the world unstoppable, but now his descendants are standing without an inch, which is really sighing. Saddam admired Saladin, but he repeatedly abused Saladin's descendants. If Saladin was alive, he would have to swear again: "I will kill this rogue with my own hands."
4. Barbarossa's thoughts When
Saladin regained the holy city, he was destined to usher in several powerful enemies in his life. After the Battle of Harding, the entire Christian world was shocked. Pope Urban III, who was fighting to the death with Redbeard Barbarossa, heard the bad news. He couldn't stand the heavy blow. He didn't relieve himself in one breath. This is the kick.
In 1189, the Holy Roman Emperor Barbarossa (that is, the Emperor Frederick I of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Germany) and the Lionheart King (Richard I) of the British Gorse dynasty and the French King Philip Augustus (Ka The three famous kings of Pei Dynasty (Philip II) appeared one after another and launched the third crusade aimed at regaining the holy city and cleaning up Saladin. These three famous kings are one of the few great heroes in the history of their respective countries, and their historical status is like that of China's Qin Emperor, Han Wu, Tang Zong and Song Zu.
The personalities of the kings are also completely different. Barbarossa is domineering, Charlie the Lionheart is arrogant and rebellious, Augustus's early wisdom and resourcefulness, coupled with Saladin's generous and easy-going, the contrast is extremely sharp. Any one of the famous kings is not inferior to Saladin. The three kings will meet Saladin. It stands to reason that Saladin has no chance at all. However, as the saying goes, there is no room for two tigers in one mountain, but now there are three in one breath, this is enough to see.
In the early summer of this year, the 66-year-old Barbarossa and his eldest son, the Duke of Svalbian, set off from Regensburg with a 100,000 Germanic Crusade. Poor Hungary was once again stricken with blood mold. Quickly ransacked it. Passing through Hungary, we arrived in the territory of Byzantium again. This time Barbarossa could give a sigh of illness for the "Poor Crusade" a hundred years ago, and actually repaired Byzantium severely. As the saying goes, a good dog does not stand in the way, the Byzantine emperor Isaac II was beaten in fear, and hurriedly opened the door to meet Barbarossa. Barbarossa spent the winter in Constantinople. In the spring of the following year, the Germanic Crusaders crossed the Marmara Sea and entered Asia Minor. They easily defeated a Turkic state called Inico (in present-day Turkey). The plateaus of Asia Minor are rampant all the way, and no one in the surrounding countries dares to shove it and avoid it.
In June 1190, the Germanic Crusaders arrived near the Kingdom of Little Armenia (now southern Turkey), and Barbarossa drowned while crossing a river called Salev. This was enough to make anyone stunned at that time. A generation of legendary heroes would die so inexplicably in such a way that the Germans could not accept this fact for hundreds of years. They were still waiting for Barbarossa to be in the Holy City. Meet Saladin and bring back the mortal merits and honors of the Holy Roman Empire! But with the death of Barbarossa, all this will disappear, and the honor of the third crusade that is about to become famous will belong to the British and French.
The suffering Germans refused to accept the reality. They said that Emperor Barbarossa was only temporarily drowsy, and his body was kept in the Imperial Castle of Chevrhausen. One day this Germanic legendary hero and admired by all the people The emperor will wake up from his long sleep, and once again flutter his red beard like a fiery beard in the squally wind, save Germany, and bring Germany to its heyday and glory.
Regarding the accidental death of Barbarossa, according to the author's estimation, it was related to the equipment defect of the knight at the time. The heavy armor of the knights in the Middle Ages is a very daunting thing. This kind of heavy assembled full body armor cannot be worn by the knight himself. They have to stand and let two or more attendants help. A very thick inner lining made of cotton, then put on a waist chain armor made of iron rings (this kind of thing will rust when it touches water), and then let the attendants make the parts of the assembled armor like breastplates and arms Armor, knee armor, shin guards, etc. are assembled on him and fastened tightly with buckles and straps or iron bars. The most important and most uncomfortable thing for the knights is the helmet, because the head is the most vulnerable part of the enemy, so you must wear a heavy helmet to cover the entire face, and only open a few small pieces in front of the eyes. Sew. This way the whole person looks like a big lobster.
Bows and arrows can hardly cause any damage to such large lobsters. To infantry and light cavalry, they are like tanks. But it is also extremely dangerous. Once the heavy-loaded knight falls from the horse, it will be difficult to get up like a big turtle, and even passed out of a concussion on the spot. At this time, the unarmored infantry with the lowest enemy combat effectiveness can easily kill him. . And that kind of heavy helmet with only a few slits, once it is beaten crooked by the opponent, the knight inside will turn into a broken puppet ridiculously. When summer comes, it will undoubtedly be a disaster for the heavy-duty knights. Even if they are sweating, they can’t wipe them with a rag. The heavy body armor only considers defense and does not consider heat dissipation at all, so that a lot of bravery The warrior did not die in the hands of the enemy on the battlefield, but suffocated alive in the heavy armor in the heat. As for those who drowned, sometimes just a small river is a nightmare for the knights, because if they accidentally fall into the water, even the knee-deep water level will drown them.
Therefore, although most history books do not describe the details of Barbarossa’s death in detail, it can be imagined that on the day of crossing the river, the rushing river water beat the armor of the knights, and the old and mighty Barbarossa was riding on. His tall horse commanded his German children to cross the river safely. Unexpectedly, the horse slipped inattentively and threw the unprepared Barbarossa into the river. The water may not be very deep, but he was dressed in a heavy outfit. Barbarossa of Kai was unable to stand up from the river bed at all. When the soldiers dragged him ashore from the river, it was too late. The legendary emperor had been called by God.
Barbarossa died before he was appointed as a master. It was undoubtedly a huge blow to the Third Crusade. In the eyes of Eastern Christians, Barbarossa is their idol and the protector of God’s believers. No one doubts. He can conquer Byzantium, surrender Seljuk, and even take back the holy city and give Saladin some color, but now it's like a widow who has lost a single seedling-there is no hope. They can only put their hope on the young King of England and the King of France.
5.
After the sudden death of the Little Fox and the Gorse dynasty Barbarossa, the Germanic Crusades were also disbanded. Most of the knights went back home in frustration. The eldest son Swabian was unwilling to summon the remaining 7000 knights to continue. Going to the holy city, it was not until the autumn that he met with the wandering king De Lusignan of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and participated in the siege of the coastal fortress Acre organized by King Philip II.
In July 1190, the 25-year-old French King Philip II led his French Crusaders to set out. Before setting out, he did two things. One was to name a large castle Louvre as a museum; the other was His opponent, the 33-year-old King Richard I, who had just ascended to the throne in July 1189, agreed that the two sides should temporarily stop the dispute between the two countries and lead their troops to conquer each other so that no one would stay in Europe and make trouble for each other. A few months later, Philip's regiment surrounded Saladin's coastal fortress, Acre, while Richard's troops were still wrestling and set out.
At that time, the gap between Britain and France was extremely deep, and the relationship between the royal family and the territories of the two sides was also very complicated and chaotic. Richard I was the second monarch of the Gorse dynasty. He was formerly his father Henry II (there are countless kings named Henry in the history of Britain and France). The reason why this dynasty has such a nice name is a long story.
The predecessor of the Gorse dynasty was the Norman dynasty. The first king was William I, born 1027-1087. He was originally the Duke of Norman in France. His cousin, Prince Edward of England, formed an alliance with William when he was in exile in Norman. Promise to William that if William helps him regain the throne, he will give him the throne of England in the future. But after Edward's death, his promise was not fulfilled. William sent troops to England in a rage. After a bloody battle, he conquered England and regained the throne, known as the "King of Conquer". The second king was William II, the second son of William I. He died 1087-1100, known as the "King of Red Hair"; the third king was Henry I, the fourth son of William I, born and died in 1068-1135; the fourth king was French again, Blois of France Earl’s son Stephen de Blois, his mother Adele was the daughter of William I, so he was also the grandson of William I. Because Henry I’s only son died, resulting in the extinction of the family, he passed the throne to Stephen. But Stephen was cowardly and incompetent. In 1153, Henry I’s daughter, Princess Matilda, and the son of Princess Matilda, Count Henry of Anjou of France (that's Richard I’s father) led his troops across the strait to kill England. Stephen was not an opponent, so Compromise with Henry and promise to give him the throne after death. The poor child died in the second year. At that time, 21-year-old Henry got the throne as he wished. He was called Henry II. The Anjou dynasty was established. Because the coat of arms was decorated with sprigs of gorse, it was also called gold. The bird dynasty.
Before his ascent, when he was 19 years old when he was the Count of Anjou in France, he married a 30-year-old woman who had been divorced for only 3 months-the queen of the original French King Louis VII (Philip's father) Elena, Louis VII divorced Elena because she couldn't stand her always cuckolding him. This woman can also be said to be the most legendary woman in European history. She is also the hereditary duchess of Aquitaine and holds a large vassal in southern France. Henry and Elena had 5 sons and 3 daughters. The third child was Richard. Born in 1157, Richard grew up in Anjou, where his father was originally named. He only speaks French but does not speak French. speak English.
This marriage is very important to both Britain and France. Before William I ran to England and became king, he took away his French feudal Normandy, and Henry II ran to England to become king and took away his own. Feng Yi Anjou, after marrying the Duchess Elena, she got her title Aquidam. These were originally French territories, but in this strange way, they were inexplicably incorporated into the territory of the United Kingdom. This kind of thing is simply unbelievable to the Chinese. It is almost difficult to find comparable examples in Chinese history. It is like a Manchurian who came to China to become emperor and merged the land of Manchuria into China. This is The only example that is somewhat similar.
In 1179, 14-year-old Philip was crowned King of France. This was a young and early-witted spirit. As soon as he became the throne, he found that this situation made him dumbfounded. The French aristocratic lords went to England to become kings and queens. It was nothing more than to be a queen, and in the end he took away nearly two-thirds of the French territory originally belonged to him, and it was reasonable and reasonable.
When he was a boy, Philip was known for his cunning and cunning, so people gave him the nickname Little Fox. The little fox is not a fuel-efficient lamp, so he was willing to suffer from this dumb loss, so he started his long-term and persistent plan. First, the British royal family was divided from the inside. He and the four sons of Henry II were very close, and he began to look for an alliance among them to deal with Henry II.
However, Henry’s eldest son and heir to the throne, Xiao Henry, is a muddle-headed Adou who doesn’t like to be a prince but likes to be a ring horse. He often does some heroic activities of blocking roads and cutting paths. He also often robs the monastery so that his father does not hurt his mother. No love, God hates ghosts, and finally died in poverty in 1183. When he died, his parents and brothers were too lazy to care about him. Only a group of hungry and skinny attendants who had followed him did his funeral; the second child There was nothing wrong with it, but he died suddenly within two years of getting married. So the little fox only got in touch with Richard, who grew up in Anjou when he was 8 years older, and kept urging Richard to go against his dad. Because Richard grew up next to his mother, and Elena and Henry, the old wife and husband, had a long-term feud, which led to Richard never having a good impression of his father Henry, and the little fox provoked it. To make trouble, Richard, the bastard, colluded with the little fox and went to make trouble with his father Henry. And Elena is very fond of her precious son, and also helps him to fight against her husband.
In the summer of 1188, the full-fledged little fox provoked a rebellion in Aquitaine, the territory of Henry II. Henry II personally conquered Henry II. The little fox and Richard defeated Henry II and raised his hand to surrender. Henry II was also a hero at the time. When he was a young man, he was considered to be a rough man. He had also fought back and forth with the well-known Eurasian Barbarossa many times. He never dreamed that he would be defeated. In the hands of these two bad boys, Philip and his own son, the more they thought about it, the more they couldn't figure it out, and the next year they died alive.
Richard's war talent was first tried, but his father was the first to be attacked. After dying his daddy, Richard happily went to Westminster Abbey in London to be crowned and enthroned, but he couldn't stay in the UK. He felt unfamiliar with his place. After living for 4 months, he slipped back to Anjou. Entrust the internal affairs to his two confidantes, Bishop Avery William Longchamp and Archbishop Walter Herbert of Canterbury. For the United Kingdom, he was not interested in politics at all. What he was interested in was the money of the British. In order to participate in the Crusades and to arm the elite knights, he was in England and the original French territories, so that everyone did not participate in the crusade. People pay a heavy tax of up to 10% of the movable property tax rate to cover military expenses. This is known as "Saladin's Eleven Taxes" (If Saladin heard about this, most of them would have to mutter: Allah testifies, it's my problem!).
After the little fox Philip defeated Henry with the help of Henry's son, he obtained the Grasai territory of the Anjou family, greatly weakening the power and influence of the Anjou family in France. But then he found that he had made a big mistake. He wanted to move those French territories that had been incorporated into the British territory. The new British King Richard immediately turned his face against him, and Richard was more arrogant and domineering than his father Henry. Pretentious, domineering, no one is pleasing to the eye. To the troubled Philip, it was the front door to drive the wolf away, and the back door to greet the tiger.
＊Because the ancient knights wore helmets that covered their entire faces, in order to identify them, the knights inlaid various patterns on their helmets and shields as marks-this is the origin of the coat of arms.
Six, a new myth
When the French King Philip fought with Saladin’s troops in Acre, the crusaders of King Richard I slowly arrived in Sicily. It was September 1190. King William of Sicily was Richard’s sister Lanna. Her husband just died of illness. For Richard, the only thing that made him worry about this campaign was money. He equipped him with 4,000 cavalry and 4,000 infantry with the money that Long Shang and Canterbury had scoured for him, but this was far from enough for him, he Too short of money, he tried all the ways to make money, and even claimed to sell London.
Because Lanna and the king had no children, the Sicilians appointed Doncred, Earl of Lecce, as the king, so Richard hit his sister Lanna, and he grinned in front of Doncred and claimed that he wanted to make an appointment for her younger sister. In Sicily, Doncred could not provoke Richard, so he could only swallow his anger. Richard extorted more than 20,000 ounces of gold and had to feed and drink to feed the English Crusaders who had spent the winter in Sicily. But this is not over yet. As soon as the winter was over, Richard's army was about to move out, he even took down the city of Messina, plundered it, and then sold it back to Duncred for 40,000 ounces of gold.
Every king in British history has a title. Because Richard is ruthless and arrogant, people have called him the "Lion Heart King" since then, which means that he has a fierce heart like a lion.
At this time, King Philip, the Germanic Crusaders of Swabian and the English Volunteers led by Archbishop Badwei had been besieging Acre for several months. Saladin could be regarded as his first opponent in his life. He was surprised to find that this little fox, who was less than half his age, was the most difficult person in the world, with many tricks and endless emergence, but he himself couldn't spare his hands to clean up this little fox. Because he was fighting on two fronts, during this time he was busy fighting a civil war in the Euphrates River basin to quell the rebellion. However, when he left, he also left heavy defenses in several fortresses. The Muslims in Akha were very tenacious, and they waited for Saladin to rebel and return to command them. The two sides fought hard for several months, and the corpses were smashed into the wild. Philip was not even able to take advantage of him. He was still unable to take the city of Acre. The Crusaders suffered heavy casualties and consumed huge losses, and urgently needed support.
Archbishop Badway kept writing to the Lionheart, who was wandering along the road. It was he who put the crown on the young Richard's head in London's Westminster Abbey. But he could not wait for the arrival of the king's army, and soon saw God in a siege with regret and disappointment.
At this time, the Lionheart King Richard was like a wild horse. He didn't want to be arranged and fettered by the Pope. If he was asked to go to the Holy City to fight Saladin with Philip, he would not go. Maybe he disdaind with the little fox. Let Philip fight together! After wandering out of Sicily, the idea of the poor Byzantine Empire came up again. At first, I couldn't afford to provoke or hide, but the Byzantine Empire didn't know who the Lionheart King was at this time. After Richard had bullied the Sicilians, he marched into the holy city by sea by boat. Several of the boats hit the rocks in Cyprus. The Byzantines took advantage of the fire and robbed them, took things and detained people. This angered Richard. He was idle looking for something to do, and he simply sent troops to attack Cyprus. Poor Byzantium was the opponent of the Lionheart. Cyprus fell under Richard's onslaught in March 1191. Only then did Richard realize that he had laid such a large area and couldn't eat it or take it with him, so he sold it to the homeless "homeless king" de Lusignan of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the price of 100,000 gold coins.
When Richard was doing business in the Mediterranean to make money, the little fox Philip had been besieging Acre for more than a year. He fought with Saladin’s troops and was unable to conquer Acre. His strength was severely depleted. The Germanic Duke of Swabia He was also killed by the plague and followed his father Barbarossa.
In June, Richard the Lionheart finally took his English Crusades to join the other Crusaders outside of Acre. Once he arrived, he acted as the commander-in-chief of the Crusaders and competed against the little fox Philip and other commanders. Strike your feet, call to and fro. Philip was frustrated because of his fight with Saladin, so he was daring to be angry with Richard. As soon as Richard arrived, he showed his extraordinary military genius and extraordinary combat ability. In just over a month, he took the city of Acre. On the day of the capture of Acre, the Crusaders were ecstatic. The Germans who continued to fight after the death of the leader first rushed to the top of the city. Leopold V, Duke of Austria, raised the German flag in Acre with tears. On the head. Richard smiled coldly when he saw it, thinking that he was the commander-in-chief of the Crusaders, and the only way to raise the Union Jack was to raise the Union Jack, so he ordered his men to rush to the city to tear off the German flag and tear it to pieces.
The Germans were dumbfounded. These arrogant Teutonic warriors never thought that Richard would go to this point and insult them so rudely, but at this time they really couldn't provoke him, so they could only knock out their teeth and swallow. Anger and forbearance. Every German thought in his heart, if Barbarossa was still there, how could he be bullied like this!
Although Philip was only twenty years old, he was also the king of France at any rate. Richard was yelled about and vomited blood quickly. He couldn't stand Richard's pretentious and complacent virtue, and how much he stayed with him. It felt fatal for a minute, so in August, under the pretext of being ill, he left a French army of 10,500 and went home by himself. This incident also regretted many Europeans who later believed that Philip should continue to fight until he defeated Saladin and even regained the Holy City in order to obtain greater achievements and honor.
Richard was anxious that Philip would roll quickly, so that he would be the only hero in this crusade. For the arrogant Lionheart King, he did not put the powerful Saladin in his eyes, thinking that he would be enough to defeat Saladin and regain the holy city.
Barbarossa’s accident and Philip’s anger left, this was really undesirable for Saladin, so please burn incense and pray quickly, your ancestors accumulate virtue! His alliance in the Islamic world is not strong. Arabs and Muslims are born to love infighting and are expert in fighting in the nest. The enemy is currently, but the caliphs and sultans of all countries are waiting to see him make a fool of himself, all of them are like vultures. Just waited for him to hang up and then came to collect his corpse and pick up his long. Not to mention anything else, just say that Barbarossa's 100,000 Teutonic knights came over, and he couldn't find so many troops to resist. If the three great kings gather in Jerusalem to find his bad luck, then he really has to hang on his neck. This was a good one. Richard, who was arrogant and rebellious, broke the alliance by himself. This is the so-called one monk carrying water to drink, two monks carrying water to drink, and three monks running out of water to drink. Although Richard is not easy to play, there are always more opportunities to play one than three.
It should be said that Saladin took the initiative to give up Acre City, because he knew that Richard’s new British forces would be unable to hold Acre City, so he proposed to Richard to give up Acre City, and he gave Richard 200,000. Gold coins and the release of 1,500 Christians on condition that Richard shall not slaughter the Muslims in the city. But Saladin made a mistake after putting forward this condition, because he never had much cash on hand. He has always been known for his generosity in the East and the West. Although he lives a simple life, he spends money in other places like water. He doesn’t hesitate to save money. He belongs to the kind of owner who spends so much money. He may also be the originator of the modern “zero savings family”. He is relatively petty by nature and cannot hold money in his pocket. As for the embarrassing scenes of finding that there is no money in your pocket when you want to give a reward to a subordinate, you have to sell things for the reward. As his secretary Ibn Shadad described, the king of Saladin, a large country, was often impoverished. Sometimes in order to worship and reward foreign missions, he had to sell his land in exchange for money to others (Speaking of Saladin is indeed far inferior to Richard in earning money. Richard has always sold other people's things. In addition, Saladin is fortunately not a Chinese monarch, otherwise he will lose the reputation of a "traitor"). As a result, officials of the Ministry of Finance had to open a small vault privately to hide some of the money from Saladin, so as not to let him take away the spent money, and he would be ashamed when he needed to spend the money in a hurry.
So after Saladin put forward the condition, he realized that he couldn't make up 200,000 gold coins for a while, so he had to give Richard some of them first. Regardless of his reasons, Richard always did what he said. When the appointed time came, Saladin didn't send enough money, and the 3,000 Muslim captives fell to their heads, making Saladin half to death.
In September 1191, Saladin returned from his rebellion in the Euphrates River Basin and freed his hands to personally deal with the Lionheart King Richard. Saladin’s customary tactics relied on the Saracen hussar’s strong bow and fast horses, and used the tactics of sounding the enemy to attract the enemy long distances. Rushing, and then continuously harassing and destroying water sources and supply lines on the enemy's marching road with small groups of cavalry and shooting troops, exhausting the enemy's troops tortured, the main force of one's own side waits for work, and finally annihilates the enemy's army with a burst of effort. So he did not go directly to attack Richard, but first besieged the coastal town of Jaffa, which was in the hands of Christians. As he expected, Richard led the army southward and came to Jaffa, seeking a decisive battle with Saladin.
Richard's decision caused great disagreements in the Crusades. The other commanders and nobles believed that Acre should be used as a base to go straight to the holy city of Jerusalem. First, take the holy city and then talk about it. Some people even proposed to take it. After the Holy City, Richard was appointed King of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. But Richard was not interested in this proposal for the time being, and insisted on marching towards Jaffa. The Germanic Crusaders who had been insulted by Richard had withdrawn and returned to China. Some of the French troops left by Philip the little fox did not listen to Richard’s command very much. This made Richard very annoyed and always wanted to find an opportunity to embarrass the French. . Just at this time, the French army needed to replenish it because of excessive consumption, so it reached out to the Crusader commander Richard. Richard was actually very rich at this time. The money he had made from Sicily and Cyprus had not been spent yet. He still held the 24,000 gold coins given to him by Saladin in his hand, but he did not have any money for the French. Not only that, but the leader of the French army, the Duke of Burgundy, immediately paid back a huge debt that he owed before. The Duke of Burgundy felt that he was being tricked, making his face blue and furious, "I don't want to do it." The leader turned around and left, preparing to withdraw to the city of Acre, but under the order of Richard, he ate behind closed doors, which really humiliated the French.
Saladin's plan was only half realized, because although Richard ran a long distance to rescue the city of Jaffa as he expected, the small group of riding and shooting troops sent by Saladin to harass Richard did not work as well as before. Before the war, Richard had studied Saladin's past battles in detail. It can be said that he had a good understanding of Saladin's tactics and found a way to deal with Saladin.
At that time, Westerners were very impressed with the Saracen light cavalry. They described that the Saracens were extremely fast because they were not equipped with heavy armor like the Crusader knights. When the Crusaders chased them, Saracens The cavalry escaped without a trace. Once they stopped, they turned around and swarmed, continuing to harass them with bows and arrows, which made people very distressed. So that King Richard had to forbid the knights to charge without authorization to chase the enemy, so as to avoid unnecessary casualties.
As a son, a brother, a king, or a politician, Richard appears to be very willful and arrogant, but as a military commander, he is very shrewd and mature. His genius and greatness are in He got the highest performance and play in the battle with Saladin. He did not believe in the power of knights like the previous Western commanders, but created a new infantry formation and tactics to deal with Saladin. He divided the cavalry and infantry into 12 formations, coordinated with each other, and strictly prohibited unauthorized actions by individual arms. When encountering Saladin’s cavalry and shooting troops, they were dealt with by infantry. The spearmen in the front row inserted their spears diagonally on the ground to prevent the attack of the opposing cavalry. The shooting range of the bow is extremely long, far exceeding the shooting range of the opponent's horse bow. Naturally, it has a great advantage when shooting against each other. After the archer in the front row shoots the arrow, the archer in the back row fills it up, and there is no time gap. This situation caused the Saracen Hussars to be very confused. As soon as they appeared, they would face the rain of arrows from the English archers, and it would be difficult for them to shoot at them. If they charge, they will be attacked. The front spear threatened the horses too much, and they had to guard against outflanks by the heavy cavalry of the other side. Richard himself rode his horse to constantly patrol the formations to remind the soldiers to maintain their formation.
Richard’s tactics can’t help but remind people of the tactics of Li Ling, a Chinese general of the Western Han Dynasty more than ten centuries earlier than them. At that time, Li Ling lined up with rows of spearmen in a square formation to cover the archers in the formation. Fired continuously at the coming Huns cavalry. With a mere 6,000 men, the tens of thousands of Huns were helpless, and the casualties were extremely miserable. They were annihilated and captured until all their bows and arrows were shot.
And Richard did not pursue the marching speed. He did not care about the life and death of Jaffa under the siege of Saladin. The daily marching speed was controlled within 12 miles to maintain the physical strength of the soldiers. Moreover, he was marching on the coast, with the Italian navy along the way. The transport fleet supplied him. This frustrated Saladin’s plan. The squad he sent out to attack the Crusaders did not achieve the expected effect of disturbing the enemy. Instead, it caused a lot of losses. For the unhurried Richard, it could not achieve the effect of waiting for work. . So he decisively gave up the harassment tactics and led the troops directly to confront Richard.
On September 14, the main forces of the two sides launched a decisive battle in Arsuf. The two romantic heroes finally collided, and they were able to see each other's heroes on the battlefield.
The battle was very fierce, and both sides were trying their best to find each other’s flaws. Saladin was surprised to find that his invincible and invincible tactics and courage were now completely unavailable in front of Richard, and countless Saracens were riding on him. The English longbow fell in a stormy arrow. Saladin led the cavalry to the weaker rear of the Crusader formation, attempting to attack and divide the Crusaders, but was blocked by Richard every time. The formation of the Crusaders never appeared under Richard's personal control. confusion. In this regard, Muslims have many records. They describe that each of the infantrymen of the Crusades wears very thick felt robes, which are thick enough to be pierced by bows and arrows. Many infantrymen are covered with arrows, like hedgehogs. Normal, but unscathed, still fighting in the formation.
The Crusaders as a whole were mobile and orderly, with a clear division of labor. The spearmen and longbowmen protected the heavy cavalry behind them. When Saladin's troops were in a mess, th
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