[Kubrick's Space Complex] After finishing "Dr. Strangelove", Stanley Kubrick became interested in outer space life, so he decided to shoot a meaningful science fiction film. At the suggestion of Columbia employee Roger Caras, Kubrick approached Arthur C. Clarke) teamed up to create the script. Although Kubrick thought Clark was a hermit who could not eat fireworks, he was fortunate to find the right partner. Clark later worked with Isaac Asimov and Robert A. Heinlein. Heinlein) and known as the three major science fiction writers of the twentieth century. In the early stages of gestation, Kubrick and Clark called the film "How the Solar System Was Won" (How the Solar System Was Won), which was exactly the same as the title of the 1962 epic film "How the West Was Won" , And plan to shoot in chapters like the film. After much deliberation, Clark decided to adapt his short story "The Sentinel" published in 1950 as the starting point for the film's story. In addition, Kubrick and Clark once wanted to complete a novel that was not limited by the script and then adapt it. However, in actual operation, the script needs to be completed simultaneously with the novel. In the end, the novel was published shortly after the film was released, and the author signed it. Only Arthur Clarke. Astronomer Carl Sagan recalled Kubrick and Clark in his book "The Cosmic Connection" (The Cosmic Connection) and asked him how to best portray aliens, Kubrick For the sake of convenience, it is hoped that the actors will play the aliens, but Sagan believes that there is no similarity between the aliens and the people on the earth. If humanoid aliens are created, the basic elements of the film will be out of truth. He suggested the film In the plot, it is implied that the civilization is out of the land, rather than being clearly described. Sagan later attended the premiere. He was very pleased to see that he helped the film. He said that many Soviet scientists believed that "2001: A Space Odyssey" was the best American film they had ever seen. On February 22, 1965, MGM announced that it was preparing a new science fiction film by Kubrick, whose title was tentatively scheduled to be "Journey Beyond the Stars". In a later interview, Kubrick compared the film to a "space voyage." In April, the film was officially named "2001 A Space Odyssey". Clark has always kept a diary during his creation. In 1972, Clark published "The Lost Worlds of "2001", the book tells the behind-the-scenes story of "2001: A Space Odyssey", which contains excerpts from his diary at the time. Clark revealed in his diary that when he and Kubrick were finalizing the film investor in early 1965, he and Kubrick had not yet determined the plot of Bowman's story after crossing the "Stargate". According to the original plot design, all the astronauts of the spacecraft will survive. On October 3, 1965, Kubrick and Clark decided to make Bowman the only survivor and return to infancy. In addition, Computer Hal's original name is "Athena", which has a female voice and appearance. There are rumors that each letter in HAL's name "HAL" is a deliberate design before IBM, but Clara admits that HAL is actually an abbreviation of "Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic computer" or "Heuristic ALgorithmic computer". [Ingenious shooting] The film was shot at Shepperton Studios in the UK on December 29, 1965. The producer chose there because the studio can accommodate and film the excavation scene of the Tycho Crater on the moon. (The size is 60'x 120'x 60'). Beginning in 1966, the crew moved to MGM UK Studios in Bohemwood in order to shoot large-scale special effects scenes. The producer originally planned to shoot the film with the three-screen width of the new art Rama system like "Western Development", but the director of photographic effects Douglas Trumbull thought that the film would be distorted, so he changed it. Shoot with Super Panavision 70 camera. Kubrick began editing in March 1968. The film’s initial shooting budget was $6 million, but it eventually exceeded the budget by 4.5 million and the filming cycle was delayed by 16 months. As the film's director of photography, Geoffrey Unsworth (Geoffrey Unsworth) was reluctant to use complex processing special effects, all the special effects pictures in the film were shot in front of the camera. Because the widely used static backdrop and back-projection dynamic pictures at the time could not create the real effect Kubrick wanted, the film pioneered the front projection visual effects technology. In the film, the apes learn to use the African background and the tool scene in the scene. A large number of spaceship scenes are masterpieces of this special effects technology. After the film came out, this technology began to be widely used, and it was gradually replaced by the green screen system until the 1990s. The front projection technology requires the use of a separate projector and a single-sided mirror placed 45 degrees in front of the camera. The projector at a 90-degree angle to the camera projects the background image onto the single-sided mirror, and the single-sided mirror reflects the image to the actors. With the backdrop made of retro-reflective materials, the camera incorporates the actor and the image on the backdrop into the mirror. During this process, the actor will not be affected because the light reflected by the mirror is very weak and far darker than On-site light, and at the same time, the picture on the high-reflectivity backdrop can clearly appear in the camera. In order to shoot the vast African scenes, the film crew needed a backdrop of up to 40 feet, which was unprecedented at the time. Such a huge backdrop certainly required the largest projector, but the existing large projectors at the time had too much graininess on the backdrop, so the crew and MGM’s special effects director Tom Howard (Tom Howard) shared Design a projector that uses 8 x 10 inch transparencies and the largest water-cooled arc lamp. The pictures of the space journey in the film are also taken in front of the camera. The "Discovery One" spacecraft model moves along an orbit and is connected to the camera. During the first shot, the model is in the dark to cover the starry sky. After that, both the model and the film returned to the starting point, and the second time was taken under light conditions. In the third time, the dynamic image was projected on the model window, thus showing the interior of the spacecraft. Inside the spacecraft is a giant centrifuge used to generate artificial gravity. This machine weighs 30 tons and was built by the Vickers-Armstrong Engineering Group at a cost of up to 750,000 US dollars. In previous science fiction films, the floating effect in space and the weightless effect in the spacecraft were the most troublesome problems for the crew technicians. However, the crew of this film had an idea to hang the actors from the ceiling and place the camera under the feet of the astronauts. Shoot vertically, so that you can hide the hanging line and create a very real and believable floating scene. [About the release and impact] The film premiered at the Uptown Theater in Washington on April 2, 1968. Before it was widely released on April 6, Kubrick deleted another 19 minutes of footage. When the film was first released, 6-channel magnetic stereo and 70mm format were used, and the image aspect ratio was 2. 21:1. Critics have received mixed reviews on this classic film history. Some people praised it as the milestone and ultimate work of a science fiction film, while others complained that it was dull and lethargic. The film has won three Oscar nominations for best art director, best director and best original screenplay and won the best visual effects award. The film ranked 22nd in the "100 Best Films in 100 Years" list selected by the American Film Institute. After the release of "2001: A Space Odyssey", many professional film critics, amateur writers and fans of science fiction films are trying to analyze and explain the meaning and intention of the film. Kubrick refused to explain what happened in the story of the film and encouraged the audience to put forward their own ideas and opinions. In an interview with Playboy magazine in 1968, he said: “You can freely think about the philosophical meaning and implied meaning of the film. This kind of thinking is enough to show that the film can successfully capture the audience at a deeper level, but I don’t want to make an annotation, because This will make the audience passive and lose their own opinions." Since Kubrick hired Frederick I. Ordway, an engineer at the Marshall Space Flight Center, as a technical consultant, he and Compared with other science fiction films, "2001: A Space Odyssey" is extremely real, such as silent space, microgravity in space and spacecraft, artificial gravity inside and outside the runner, and weightless scenes, etc. MGM once promoted the film like this: "Everything in "2001: A Space Odyssey" will become a reality in the next 30 years." Although the producers are a bit exaggerated and the film has many omissions, many of the predictions are ultimately It can be fulfilled, such as the widespread use of computers, flat-panel displays, glass cockpits made with aerospace technology, voice-controlled computers, increased number of phone numbers, and computers successfully defeating humans in a human-computer confrontation game. Since Kubrick hired Frederick I. Ordway (Frederick I. Ordway), an engineer from the Marshall Space Flight Center, as a technical consultant, compared with other science fiction films, "2001 A Space Odyssey" is extraordinarily real, such as Silent space, microgravity in space and spacecraft, artificial gravity inside and outside the runner and weightless scenes, etc. MGM once promoted the film like this: "Everything in "2001: A Space Odyssey" will become a reality in the next 30 years." Although the producers are a bit exaggerated and the film has many omissions, many of the predictions are ultimately It can be fulfilled, such as the widespread use of computers, flat-panel displays, glass cockpits made with aerospace technology, voice-controlled computers, increased number of phone numbers, and computers successfully defeating humans in a human-computer confrontation game. Since Kubrick hired Frederick I. Ordway (Frederick I. Ordway), an engineer from the Marshall Space Flight Center, as a technical consultant, compared with other science fiction films, "2001 A Space Odyssey" is extraordinarily real, such as Silent space, microgravity in space and spacecraft, artificial gravity inside and outside the runner and weightless scenes, etc. MGM once promoted the film like this: "Everything in "2001: A Space Odyssey" will become a reality in the next 30 years." Although the producers are a bit exaggerated and the film has many omissions, many of the predictions are ultimately It can be fulfilled, such as the widespread use of computers, flat-panel displays, glass cockpits made with aerospace technology, voice-controlled computers, increased number of phone numbers, and computers successfully defeating humans in a human-computer confrontation game.
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