The Magna Carter (Latin Magna Carter, English Great Charter) is a constitution made by the United Kingdom in 1215 to limit the absolute power of the British kings (mainly John at the time). The main reason for the Magna Carta was that the Pope, King John of England, and the feudal aristocracy had different opinions on the power of the royal family. The Magna Carta requires the royal family to give up some of its powers and respect the judicial process. The royal power is restricted by law. The Magna Carta is the beginning of the long historical process of establishing constitutional politics in Britain.
HistoryThe
Normans began to invade England in 1066. After the Normans became the king of England, they gradually became stronger in the 11th and 12th centuries. The centralized government they established, combined with the original Anglo-Saxon rule of the locals, and the land owned by the Anglo and Normans in Normandy, made the King of England the most powerful king in Europe in 1199. When King John of England came to the throne in the early thirteenth century, a series of incidents caused the feudal aristocrats of England to revolt against him and demanded the restriction of absolute kingship. At that time, the pressure on King John of England came from three aspects: First, his method of winning the throne was criticized. After the death of the former King of England, Richard the Lionheart, two heirs appeared. John imprisoned his opponent, his nephew Britannica, after which Arthur lost the news. Many people think that John assassinated his relatives to obtain the throne; secondly, when the French king occupied most of the British land in Normandy. The British aristocracy demanded that the king regain the lost territory. John launched an operation against France in 1214, but suffered a major defeat. In addition, John and the Pope had a dispute over the appointment of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Holy Court imposed excommunication on England, and John was forced to surrender to the Pope in 1213.
On June 10, 1215, England's feudal aristocracy gathered in London to hold back King John of England. John was forced to approve the "Articles of the Barons" (Articles of the Barons) proposed by the nobility. On June 15th of the same year, John put the royal seal on the bill at RunnyMede. The nobles reaffirmed their allegiance to John on June 19. Finally, the royal secretary officially registered the agreement between the king and the nobility, which became the original Magna Carta, and copied copies to various places for preservation by designated royal officials and bishops.
The most important article in the Magna Carta of 1215 is Article 61, the so-called "security law." According to the provisions of this article, a committee composed of twenty-five nobles has the right to convene meetings at any time and has the power to veto the king’s orders; and can use force to occupy the king’s castle and property. This kind of power originated from a legal procedure in the Middle Ages, but it was unprecedented in history when added to the king.
From the beginning, King John of England had no sincerity to accept the Magna Carta. He was forced to sign the document by force. In particular, Article 61 almost deprived the king of all power. Just after the nobles left London and returned to their fiefdoms, John immediately announced the abolition of the Magna Carta. Pope Innocent III also reprimanded the Magna Carta as "a shameless clause imposed on the king by force and fear." The Pope denied any nobles' demands for power. He claimed that this undermined the king’s dignity. Then Britain fell into a civil war.
John died of illness on October 18, 1216, when the civil war was raging. The nine-year-old Henry III came to the throne. The royal family hoped that the young new king would be accepted by the nobles. After the new king came to the throne, the war ended. On October 12, the Royal Minister issued the Magna Carta again in Henry's name, but some of the articles, including Article 61, were deleted. Later, in 1217 and 1225, Henry III once again issued the Magna Carta. The one in 1225 was issued by the eighteen-year-old Henry himself, and deleted to only 37 articles.
Henry III died in 1272 after fifty-six years of reign. At the time of his death, the Magna Carta had become an established English law, and it would be difficult for future kings to overthrow it like John did. Henry III’s son, Edward I, issued the last amended Magna Carta as part of the "Affirmation Act" on October 12, 1297.
Magna Carta 1215
The Magna Carta of 1215 established the political rights and freedoms enjoyed by some British civilians and protected the church from the king's control. It also reformed the law and the judiciary, and restricted the behavior of the king and royal officials. Most of the contents of the charter are copied from the Charter of Liberties promulgated by Henry I. The Charter of Freedom was promulgated when Henry I was crowned in 1100. It restricted the king's treatment of the church and the nobles, and basically gave the church and the nobles certain rights.
The original Magna Carta had 63 articles, most of which were based on the conditions of the thirteenth century, such as restricting the scope of royal hunting and so on. Among them, the most far-reaching impact is Article 39, which derived the concept of habeas corpus: Unless it is tried by an ordinary judge or acts in accordance with the law; otherwise, any free person should not be detained or imprisoned. , Or be taken away from property, banished or killed. According to the provisions of this article, if the king wants to judge any person, he can only do so according to the law; he cannot do so according to his personal preferences. The royal power was thus restricted and the first step towards constitutional monarchy began.
Influence
Although the Magna Carta was first issued for only a few weeks, the multiple reissues after John's death made it a permanent law; the Magna Carta also became the cornerstone of the future British Constitution. Afterwards, Henry III and his heirs repeatedly avoided breaking the Magna Carta regulations, but in fact the imperial power of the British royal family in the Middle Ages remained unabated under the Magna Carta. However, the British king in the Middle Ages also reissued the Magna Carta thirty times, proving that the king could never ignore its existence. At least the existence of the Magna Carta successfully established a principle that the king must also obey: the monarch is restricted by law.
In the seventeenth century, as disputes between the king and the parliament increased, the role of Magna Carta became more important. The law, which was revised several times based on the contents of the charter, protected more rights and covered more people, and finally evolved into a modern constitutional monarchy. Although only the first few sentences, the middle three articles and the concluding remarks are still valid, the remaining 34 articles have been abolished, and the Magna Carta issued in 1297 is still part of English law. Today, the actual legal effect of the Magna Carta is very small, and it is only occasionally cited by the prosecution and the defense and the judge in the judicial process. However, many government constitutions, including the U.S. Constitution, are derived from Magna Carta. In the past, every time the King of England issued the Magna Carta, many copies were sent to various places, and these transcripts were taken to the North American colonies and preserved to this day.
The first Magna Carta signed by John in 1215 has not been preserved. Only four copies of the same period are still stored in the National Library of the United Kingdom, Lincoln Cathedral and Sasbury Cathedral. There are also 13 copies. The Magna Carta before 1297 is still preserved. In 1952, the Australian government bought a 1297 Magna Carta for 12,500 pounds and placed it on the Congress Exhibition in the capital Canberra. The wealthy American businessman Ross Perot also purchased a 1297 Magna Carta in 1984. It is now placed in the National Archives in Washington, D.C., and is exhibited together with the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. The Magna Carta contains in principle and in essence the taxation power that the later developed Parliament has, the right to participate in the kingdom’s government affairs, the right to supervise and other factors, and the concept of "national freedom". Later, with the development of history, the tolerance of "citizens" continued to expand, but the above-mentioned implicit rights were gradually institutionalized. First, in the Magna Carta, the non-taxable clause in Africa with the consent of the "Great Committee" has become the basis for the principle of "no taxation without representation" for later generations. Second, tax collection requires the unanimous consent of the kingdom, which implies that "nationals" have the right to be consulted. Third, even from the perspective of the time, the Magna Carta shared the benefits of some social classes other than the aristocracy. All of these laid the foundation for the participation of civilian representatives in the parliament half a century later, and also laid the foundation for the emergence of modern citizenship and citizen legal rights.
Magna Carta content
British Magna Carta 1215
The King of England and Sovereign of Ireland, the Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, John the Earl of Anjou, who has been ordered to heaven, I would like to present to the archbishop, bishop, abbot, earl, baron, judge, forest palace, executive officer, warden, messenger, His steward and his loyal people greet us. Because of the venerable priests, Archbishop of Canterbury, Archbishop of England and Cardinal Stephen of the Church of St. Roman; Archbishop Henry...and the Grand Master of Pembluk, William; William, Earl of Southbury... The nobles, and other loyal subjects advised Yu to know that for the safety of the souls of Yu and his ancestors and descendants, and for the prosperity of the holy church and the prosperity of the kingdom, God’s will made Yu to recognize The following points shall be announced to the whole country:
(1) First of all, Yu et al. and his descendants resolutely promised God that according to this charter, the Church of England shall enjoy freedom, its rights will not be disturbed, and its freedom will not be violated. Regarding the free elections that the Church of England regards as the most important and necessary, those who were granted automatically or according to their own will by the charter before Yu and the barons were at odds with each other. Those agreed to by Innocent III, and the descendants of the remaining generations, Dangyong obeyed in good faith. In addition, Yu Deng and his descendants also grant the freedoms listed below to all free people in the Yu Deng kingdom, and allow strict compliance, and never change.
(2) When any earl or baron, or a person who has obtained the land directly because of military service, etc. dies, if there is an inheritor who has reached the end of the year, he can enjoy his inheritance after paying the inheritance tax according to the old amount . Heirs of an earl can enjoy the entire estate of the earl after paying 100 pounds; heirs of another noble can receive all the inheritance of the baron after paying 100 pounds; heirs of samurai can enjoy all the inheritance after paying up to 100 shillings Samurai fief. Others should be in accordance with the old habits of land mining, and those who should pay less must pay less.
(3) If the heirs of the above-mentioned persons have not reached the age of maturity, those who are required to be guarded shall be handed over with their inheritance after they reach adulthood, and shall not receive any inheritance tax or property transfer tax.
(4) Anyone who manages the land of the heirs who have not reached the year mentioned in the preceding paragraph, in addition to collecting the appropriate amount of products from the land, and the taxes and labors that should be collected in accordance with the custom, there is no need to claim to avoid cost Human and material resources. If Yu et al. entrust an executive officer or other person with the guardianship of the land and be responsible to Yu et al. for the proceeds, and if the person causes waste or damage to the property in custody, Yu et al will impose a fine on the person. And transfer the land to two persons who are legal and upright in the mining land, and Fu shall be responsible for the proceeds to Yu Deng or the person designated by Yu Deng. If Yu waits to grant or sell the guardianship of the land to anyone, and the person causes the land to be wasted or destroyed, he shall lose his guardianship and hand over the land to the lawful and upright person in the mining land The two are responsible to Yu et al. according to the aforementioned conditions.
(5) In addition, during the period of land management, the guardian should allocate special funds from the income of the land for the repair of houses, gardens, fish ponds, swamps, mills and other attachments. When the suspension is completed, the heir shall reach the end of the year. That is, according to the needs at the time of cultivation, plows, hoes and other agricultural attachments should be built in the scope of the land income and returned to all the land.
(6) Heirs may marry without derogating their status, but they should notify their blood relatives before getting engaged.
(7) After the death of her husband, a widow should receive her marriage and inheritance without any difficulties. The widow’s wedding helmets, donations, and inheritance, and the items that they had jointly kept before their death, pay any price. [Voluntary remarriage] widows may stay in the husband’s house for 40 days at the death of her husband, and shall be returned during the marriage check.
(8) Widows who are willing to live as widows shall not be forced to remarry. If the widow herself owns surplus land, she shall provide a guarantee that she will not remarry until the surplus is granted. Those who hold the land of other lords shall obtain the consent of other lords.
(9) When the debtor’s movable property is sufficient to pay off the debt, no matter the remaining or the remaining executive officer, he shall not forcibly obtain income to pay off the debt. If the debtor’s property is sufficient to cover its debt, the guarantor of the debt shall not be subject to the disposition of movable property. However, if the debtor is unable to repay the debt, or is unable to repay the debt, the guarantor shall be responsible for the repayment immediately. The guarantor may seize the debtor’s land and income if he wishes, until the latter repays the debt previously paid. However, if the debtor can prove that the payment has exceeded the amount guaranteed by the insurer, this limit is not applicable.
(10) Anyone who borrows a debt from a Jew, regardless of the amount, if he dies before repayment, the debt shall not bear interest until the heir responsible for repayment has not reached the year, and such a debt falls into the hands of the rest, Zhe Yu etc. shall not receive any other items except the movable property stated in the deed.
(11) When the person who owed the Jewish debt dies, his wife shall still receive his donation and shall not be liable for the debt. If the deceased has minor children, according to the nature of the deceased’s inheritance, they should keep their upbringing expenses, and the remaining amount can be used to pay off the debts except for the deduction of the benefits due to the lord. With regard to debts other than Jews, the same applies to this rule.
(12) Except for the following three taxes, no exemption tax and tribute will be levied if there is no national general agreement. That is, the ransom when the rest of the body is redeemed (refers to when captured). Expenses when the eldest son of Ce Feng Yu was a samurai. The expenses for the eldest daughter of Yu et al. when they get married one by one but only once. And the tribute collected for these three projects must also be appropriate. Regarding the tribute to the City of London, the same rules apply.
(13) The City of London, whether on water or on land, should enjoy its old habits of freedom and freedom. Other cities, states, towns, ports, etc. also recognize or grant them the right to maintain freedom and free habits.
(14) If Yu et al. wish to collect tribute and exemption tax outside the scope of the above collections, he shall send a stamped edict to the archbishops, abbots, earls and barons to specify the time and place to convene a meeting in order to obtain public opinion across the country. . The service of this edict should be at least forty days before the meeting. In addition, Yu et al. should still use executive officers and stewards to generally convene all those who directly receive surplus land. The reason for the call should be stated in the edict. After the convening, the incident mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be carried out on the designated date in accordance with the general will of the attendees, and shall not be delayed by the number of absentees.
(15) Since then, apart from redeeming his own body, making his eldest son a warrior, and marrying his eldest son for a time, the rest shall not allow anyone to collect tribute from his free person. The amount of tribute collected for the above-mentioned purposes must also be reasonable.
(16) It is forbidden to force the samurai to mine the land, or other people who hold the land freely, to perform additional service.
(17) General litigation should be handled in a certain local trial room without following the request of the king's court.
(18) All cases concerning land occupation, resumption of inheritance and final indictment should not be heard in areas other than the state where the case occurred. The method is as follows: When Yu waits for himself or when he is not in the country, the justices of Yu wait for the judges to appoint two judges. The judges will go to each state and county four times a year. The date was heard at the seat of the county court in the state.
(19) On the day of the state and county courts, if the above-mentioned case fails to be heard, an appropriate number of samurai and free farmers shall be reserved on the day of court hearing, and an appropriate ruling shall be made in accordance with the nature of the incident.
(20) A free person who commits a misdemeanor shall be fined according to the severity of the crime; a felony person shall confiscate his land according to the size of his crime. The same rules apply to merchants as property outside the house, but the goods shall not be confiscated. When the serfs under the jurisdiction of Yu et al. commit crimes, the same fine shall be imposed, but their farm tools shall not be confiscated. The above-mentioned fines must be based on the integrity of the neighbors: a person who swears a certificate can only be punished.
(21) Earls and barons shall not be fined unless they have been tried by aristocrats of the same level.
(22) When a priest commits a crime, he can only be fined in accordance with the method of punishing the above-mentioned people in the property section of the layman; he may be fined according to the income of the priest's land acquisition. (23) No city, town or individual may be forced to build bridges across the river, except for those who are not responsible for bridge repairs. (24) The executive officers, inspectors, inspectors and housekeepers of Yu et al. are not allowed to accept lawsuits filed against Yu et al. (25) All prefectures, counties, villages, small towns, cities, and communities—Yu et al.'s Tang Muyi is outside—should be levied in accordance with the old regulations without any increase.
(26) In the event of the death of a person who has received the remaining amount of land, the executor or steward of the license certificate owed by the deceased person shall immediately follow the opinions of a fair number of people and according to the amount of debt, the death The movable property of the person shall be registered and seized so that it cannot be moved until the remaining debts are paid off. The remaining after the repayment shall be immediately handed over to the executor of the deceased's will. If the deceased does not owe the remaining debts, except for his wife's discretion to leave a considerable portion, all other movable property shall be handled according to the purposes specified by the deceased.
(27) When any free person who has not made a will dies, his movable property shall be distributed through the hands of his relatives and friends in accordance with the opinions of the church, but the portion of the debts of the deceased shall be set aside.
(28) Inspectors or housekeepers such as Yu and other officials, except for paying the price immediately, are not allowed to obtain grain or other movable properties from anyone without authorization, except for those who allow deferred payment according to the seller's will.
(29) If a samurai wishes to perform guard duties in person, or is unable to perform guard duties in person for legitimate reasons, and entrusts a suitable person to perform the duties on his behalf, the inspector shall not forcibly demand property from him. When a warrior is led or dispatched for expedition, he shall be exempted from guard duties during the military service.
(30) Any executive or steward may not take the free man’s carts and horses for transportation without authorization, but it is not limited to those who act according to the free man’s will.
(31) Regardless of whether the remaining or other butlers are not allowed to take other people's wood for construction of castles or other private use, but it is not limited to those who do it according to the will of the owner of the wood.
(32) The remaining land reserved for the convicted felony convict shall not exceed one year and one day, and the original lord of the land shall be returned after the expiry date.
(33) From then on, except for the coastline, other dams and fish beams set up on the Thames, Medway and all rivers throughout England must be demolished.
(34) From then on, it is no longer possible to issue an order for compulsory transfer of land dispute cases to the King’s Court for trial in order to prevent free men from losing their judicial power.
(35) The whole country should have a unified measure, quantity, and balance. The measuring devices for liquor, strong ale and grains are based on the London quart; the width of dyed cloth, homespun cloth, and chain mail shall be two yards below the woven edge as the standard; other scales are also the same as the measuring device.
(36) From then on, when issuing an examination certificate (post-mortem or injury examination), it is not allowed to ask for or give any bad rules, and when requesting to be issued, it shall not be refused.
(37) Any person who reserves the land under the currency lease law, labor lease law, or concession law, but also retains the land for the military service of other lords, shall not use the above relationship to force the acquisition of his heirs [Minors] and the guardianship of the land held by others. Except for the obligation of military service on the currency lease, labor lease and concession lease, all others are not allowed to claim their guardianship. Anyone who has contributed knives, swords, bows, arrows, etc. to serve as a minor sergeant shall not inherit from him or his other landlords.
(38) From then on, when the steward cannot provide faithful and reliable witnesses and exhibits, the steward shall not subject anyone to the divine judgment (water and fire) based on his own will.
(39) Any free person shall not be arrested, imprisoned, confiscated of property, deprived of legal protection, exiled, or inflicted on any other damage without the judgment of the nobleman of the same level according to the law, or by the national law.
(40) Yu Deng shall not sell to anyone, refuse, or postpone his rights and fair judgment.
(41) Except for the people of hostile countries such as wartime and Yu, all businessmen, if they can follow the old fair customs, can be exempted from excessive taxes and taxes, pass waterways and dry roads, enter and leave England safely, or stay or delay in the whole of England To run a business. In wartime, if the merchants of the enemy country are in our country, the justices who are in or out of the enemy country should be detained before they become aware of the treatment of our merchants in the enemy country, but they must not damage their bodies and goods. For example, the businessmen of our country who are in the enemy's country are safe and sound. Enemy merchants in our country will also be safe and sound.
(42) From now on, any people who are loyal to Yu Ho, except for the temporary restrictions on the country and public happiness in wartime, can safely leave or enter the country by watercourses or dry roads. But prisoners and those who have been deprived of legal protection are exceptions. Regarding the people and businessmen of the enemy country, it shall be dealt with in accordance with the aforementioned methods.
(43) Owned land—such as those owned by the Lords of Wollingford, Nording Ang, Poroin Lancaster, or other baronial lands belonging to Yu, etc.—when the vassal dies, the heirs No additional inheritance tax is paid. Yu et al shall not allow him to provide more services than the baron’s life, and everything should be based on the standard when the land was in the hands of the baron.
(44) From then on, no ordinary subpoena may be used to summon residents outside the forest area to go to the forest area court for trial. However, it is not limited to those who are the defendant in the forest area case, or the guarantor of the defendant in the forest area case.
(45) Except for those who are familiar with the laws of their own country and are willing to abide by them, Yu et al. will not appoint anyone as judges, inspectors, executive officers or stewards.
(46) All barons (nobles) who have been granted a charter to establish a monastery or have the right to keep the monastery property since the kings of the British dynasties (nobles) should be aware of the same rule and assume the responsibility of keeping the monastery when there is no one to preside over the monastery.
(47) All forest areas and river banks built as fortifications after Yu et al. took the throne shall be removed immediately.
(48) Regarding all the bad habits of the forest, Yuangu, forest officials, guardians of the Yuangu, butlers and their servants, riverbanks and their guardians in each state and county, twelve warriors should be selected by each state and county. , Rushed to various places to investigate in detail immediately after taking the oath, and completely weeded them within 40 days after the investigation, so as to never recur. The investigation situation should be informed beforehand. If you are not in the country, please inform Justice.
(49) Any hostages or other collateral handed over to Yu by British subjects to express their peace and loyalty must be returned immediately.
(50) Yu et al. should dismiss the elders of Zhilar and the following persons (names omitted) and their entourage to Britain as executive officials, and make them no longer hold such positions in the United Kingdom from then on.
(51) After the reconciliation of the emperor and his subjects, Yu et al. should immediately deport the soldiers, crossbowmen, servants and mercenaries who came to England with horses and weapons and endangered foreign soldiers, crossbowmen, servants and mercenaries.
(52) Anyone who has been deprived of his land, castle, freedom or legal rights by Yu Deng without the legal ruling of the nobleman of the same level shall be returned immediately. If there is any dispute about this incident, it shall be decided in accordance with the opinions of the 25 barons who are responsible for safeguarding the peace listed below. It has the above items that were taken away without the legal judgment of the nobles of the same level during the time of Henry’s father or Richard’s brother, and they are now owned by Yu Deng, or owned by others. Responsible persons such as others shall be handled in accordance with the general rules for the participation of the crusaders to obtain the right to suspend debts. But when Yu Deng Cengxi returns to the Holy Land, or Yu Deng’s conquest is suspended for some reason, Yu Deng shall deal with it fairly. However, it is not too limited for those who are in litigation before Yu and other oaths, or are being tried by Yu and Ao Ling.
(53) The following events should also be handled or postponed in accordance with the provisions of the preceding article: ①For the forests that were set aside by the father of King Henry and the brother of King Richard, which should be removed and which should be kept. ②Yu et al.'s guardianship of land collected by others (this guardianship is due to the fact that someone has received military service to mine land, so that Yu et al. has the right to enjoy it) ③Yu et al. The lord of the land claims to have jurisdiction). When Yu et al. Cengxi returns to the holy land, or when Yu et al’s conquest is suspended for some reason, Yu et al. shall immediately deal with the above items fairly. Yu et al. shall immediately deal with the above items fairly.
(54) In the case of homicide accused by a woman, if the deceased is not her husband, no one shall be arrested or imprisoned.
(55) All improper and illegal fines and penalties imposed by others must be exempted or corrected, or in accordance with the opinions of the twenty-five barons who guarantee peace, or the majority of the barons together with the aforementioned hurdles Stefan, Archbishop of Terbury, and the opinions of those who would like to discuss the matter with him to deal with it. In the event that the archbishop is unable to attend, the event shall proceed as usual. However, if one or more of the above twenty-five barons are related to the same incident (the "magna Carta rewritten version" is referred to as "the plaintiff of the same incident"), it will be avoided when dealing with this incident and replaced by The elected among the remaining barons.
(56) If Yu et al. have taken any land, freedom or other belongings from the nobles of the same class in England or Wales without following the legal judgment of the nobles of the same level, they shall be returned immediately. In the event of disputes over such incidents, they should be handled by the nobles of the "Border District". All English properties shall be handled in accordance with English laws; Welsh properties shall be handled in accordance with Wales laws; Border District properties shall be handled in accordance with the border districts. Legal processing. The Welsh people should do the same to the Yu and Yu people.
(57) Regarding the things that the Welsh people were robbed of without the legal judgment of the nobles of the same level during the time of Henry, the father of Henry, or the brother of Richard, are now in the hands of Yu, or although they are not in the hands of Yu. Those who are in the hands and should be in charge of Yu etc., Yu etc. will be dealt with in accordance with the general provisions of debt relief for those participating in the Crusades. However, when Yu Deng Cengxi returned to the Holy Land, or Yu Deng’s conquest was suspended for some reason, Yu Deng should be dealt with fairly. However, this does not apply to those who are in litigation before Yu Deng's oaths, or are being tried by Yu Deng's teaching orders.
(58) Yu et al. should immediately return all the hostages of Liu Ailin's son and the Welsh people, as well as all tokens and deeds used as peace guarantees.
(59) Regarding Alexander, King of Scotland, Yu et al. will return his sister, pledges, freedom and legal rights, just as Yu et al. did to the barons of England, but they belonged to his father, William King’s Order, and belonged to Yu et al. The holder is not limited to this. All this should be handled in accordance with the opinions of the Scottish nobles in the British palace.
(60) All the habits and freedoms announced by Yu et al. in the above-mentioned Ao Ling, as far as the scope of Yu et al. are concerned, shall be the subjects of the whole country, regardless of monks and customs, and shall be obeyed; as far as they belong to the scope of the barons (all nobles) , Should be jointly abided by by their vassals.
(61) The reason why Yu et al. made the aforementioned concessions was that they wanted to be glorified to God and make the country prosperous, but especially the opinions between Yu et al. and the barons made them enjoy the blessing of peace forever. Therefore, Yu et al. I hope that the barons granted with the following guarantees can choose 25 barons from the country at will. These 25 barons shall do their best to observe and maintain, and at the same time make the rest of the people abide by the rest of the awards, and The peace and privileges granted by this charter. The method is as follows: if the judge, the housekeeper, or any other servant of the class Yu, or the judge of the class Yu, in any way violates the rights of any person, or violates any peace clause and is discovered by four of the twenty-five barons mentioned above, this The four of them can go to Yu Deng before—if Yu Deng is not in the country, then before Yu Deng’s judge, they point out Yu Deng’s mistakes one by one, and ask Yu Deng to try to correct them immediately. Within forty days since the mistake was pointed out, if the judge of Yu et al is unwilling to correct the error if Yu et al or if he is not in the country, then the four persons should rely on the matter for the other barons, then the twenty-five barons are It can unite the people of the whole country and use their power together to impose restraint and pressure on Yu etc. by all means, such as seizing Yu etc.’s castle, land and property, etc., so that this error can be corrected in accordance with their opinions. . However, the personalities of Yu Deng and Yu Deng's queen and children shall not be infringed. Once the error is corrected, they should be restored to the court with Yu Deng as before. Anyone in the country who wants to implement the above method should obey the orders of the 25 barons mentioned above and do their utmost to put pressure on Yu et al. together with them. Yu Dengzit publicly allows anyone to take the above oath, and allows no one to be prevented from taking the oath. All the people in the country, despite their own will, are unwilling to swear to the twenty-fifth baron to jointly put pressure on Yu, and Yu should also swear by order. If any of the above twenty-five barons dies, leaves the country or is unable to perform the above-mentioned duties for some reason, the remaining barons shall choose another person from the other barons to replace them according to their own will, and the oath method is the same as that of the above-mentioned people. In addition, when the above twenty-five barons are entrusted to perform their tasks, if there is a dispute about certain events during the attending discussion, or if certain barons are unwilling or unable to attend after being summoned, the decision of a majority of the attending barons will be taken. Or the announced plan shall be regarded as legal and binding, as if all 25 people were present for the resolution. The aforementioned twenty-five barons shall swear to abide by the preceding items wholeheartedly, and do their best to make the rest of them obey them, and the rest shall not obtain any items from anyone by themselves or through others that would abolish or reduce the rights and freedoms listed above. If there is such an acquisition, it shall be deemed invalid and illegal, and shall not be used by himself or by anyone else.
(62) Since the beginning of the struggle, all the hostility, anger and hatred between Yu Deng's monks, lay people and Yu Deng have been forgiven and forgiven by Yu Deng.
In addition, since Easter in the sixteenth year of the dynasty and until the day of peaceful reconstruction, all the sins committed by the monks and lay people have been forgiven and pardoned by the others. Regarding the aforementioned concessions and promises, Yu et al. appoints Lord Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Henry, Archbishop of Du Berlin.
(63) With this edict, Yu et al. resolutely announced to the whole country: The Church of England should enjoy freedom, and the British subjects and their descendants will, as mentioned above, be the heirs of Yu et al and Yu et al. Forever Appropriate and peaceful, free and quiet, and fully and fully enjoy the above-mentioned freedoms, powers and transfers, Baron Yu Deng and Nuo has sworn to abide by the above terms with faith and good faith. The people listed above and many others should be the proof
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