In this war, the history books recorded that Daming was "several efforts at home and abroad". A total of nearly 8 million taels of silver were consumed before and after, hundreds of thousands of troops were sent, and the Japanese army was repeatedly tug-of-war, and finally won the war with great difficulty. Emperor Suzong of the Joseon Dynasty once said: "Emperor Shenzong in our country has a merit that will never be forgotten. When the day of immortality, unless the emperor of Shenzong moved the army of the world, how could our country be rebuilt and become what it is today? ?" Later, on the 60th anniversary of the death of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Suzong built a great newspaper altar, taking the words "The Great Newspaper of Heaven and the Lord's Day" and "All things originate from Heaven, and people originate from ancestors." Therefore, it is also named after God. The sacrifice of the suburbs, the great report and the beginning of the year." [1]
The entire history of East Asia was changed because of the joint efforts of China and North Korea to fight against the Japanese army. The Wanli Korean War was also the last time the Han dynasty in Chinese history raised troops outside the territory. This is a war between the famous iron cavalry generals of the Ming Dynasty against the strong soldiers of the Japanese Warring States period. The Chinese generals Li Rusong, Deng Zilong, Liu Wei, Ma Gui, Chen Lin and the famous North Korean general Yi Sunsin became famous all over the world because of the Wanli Korean War. [2]
This battle to resist Japan and aid Korea, which was supported and led by Emperor Wanli, has been mixed in historical evaluations. Countless literati and politicians in later generations even bluntly pointed out that it was one of the reasons for the decline of the Ming Dynasty. [1]
Name Wanli Korean War Site Korean Peninsula Time April 1592-July 1593 (the first time), February 1597-December 1598 (the second time) the participating parties, the Ming Dynasty of China, the Li Dynasty of Korea, As a result of the Toyotomi regime in Japan, China and Japan opened a peace conference (the first time); the Ming and Korean coalition forces were victorious, and the Japanese army retreated (the second time).
158,700—225,000 people (Japan, the first time)
75,000 people (Ming Dynasty), 220,600 people (North Korea) (second time)
140,000 people (Japan, the second time) casualties about 30,000 people (Ming Dynasty, two conflicts combined)
about 300,000 people (North Korea, The two conflicts combined)
at least 1 million people (North Korean civilians, the two conflicts combined)
more than 140,000 people (Japan, the two conflicts combined) The main commanders Zhu Yijun, Li Rusong, Ma Gui, Li He, etc.; Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Ishida Sancheng Waiting for the outcome of the victory of the Sino-Korean coalition forces and the defeat of the Japanese army. The initiator of the war, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, mainly affects the severance of diplomatic relations with Asahi and the battle of
Sekihara . End 6 Influence ▪ Ming Dynasty ▪ Korea ▪ Japan 7 Comments 1 Name Editor Wanli Korean War China is called the Battle of Korea, and together with the Battle of Ningxia and the Battle of Bozhou, it is called the Three Great Wars of Wanli. North Korea and South Korea called it the Imjin Japanese Rebellion, the second time it was called the Ding Youzai Rebellion or the Korean Imjin Patriotic War; Japan called it the Battle of Moonrok, the second time it was called the Battle of Gyeongchang, or the Battle of Gyeongchang. It is called the Battle of Wenlu-Qingchang, the Korean expedition, and the Korean expedition. [1] 2 Background editor Japan: Japan, the country that initiated the war, was unified by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1590 after experiencing the Warring States Period that lasted for more than a hundred years from the Onin Rebellion in 1467, and its military is unprecedentedly powerful. The Battle of Wenlu North Korea: At this time, North Korea was in the period of the Li Dynasty, the country was peaceful for a long time, the military equipment was loose, and "people did not know the army for more than two hundred years". In the court, there are constant party disputes, mutual conflict, and political corruption. Ming Dynasty: China's Ming Dynasty, as the suzerain state of Korea, was also sunset at this time. In 1582, after ten years in power and strict reforms, Zhang Juzheng, a famous minister who once caused the Ming Dynasty to have a renaissance atmosphere, died of illness, and the Ming Shenzong, who monopolized the power, neglected the government, and wanted to invade the land and loot the people's wealth. There are many parties in the DPRK and Chinese ministers, and the struggle is fierce.
3 People who participated in the war edited China: Zhu Yijun, Shi Xing, Song Yingchang, Li Rusong, Li Rubai, Ma Gui, Liu Ning, Wang Shiqi, Xing Jie, Chen Lin, Deng Zilong (dead in action), Yang Wanjin, Ma Lai, Zhou Daozhen, Li Dongbin, Guo Anmin, Wang Zihe , Tang Wenxuan, Qian Yingtai, Zhang Yingyuan, Chen Jianming, Shenzong Zhu Yijunce, Chen Yuzhong, Li Rumei, Dong Yiyuan, Yang Yuan (executed), Chen Jiujing, Yang Hao, Shen Weijing, Luo Shangzhi, Wu Weizhong, Zhang Shijue, Zu Chengxun, Zha Da Shou, Tong Yangzheng, Xie Yongzi, Xu Yiguang, Xie Sheng, Gao Ce, Li Ning (dead in action), Qian Shizhen, Shen Yourong, etc.
Joseon: Joseon Seonjo, Gwanghae-kun, Rimhae-kun, Soon-hwa-kun, Yi Sun-sin (killed), Kwon-ri, Ryu Cheng-ryong, Guo Jae-woo, Song Sang-hyun (killed), Hwang Jin (killed), Jung Bak, Shin La (suicide) ), Kim Shimin (killed), Weizheng, Yuan Jun (killed), Li Yiqi, Cui Hu, Liu Chongren, Xu Liyuan (killed), Chang Yi Shi, Kim Qian-il (killed), Kim Sung-il, Huang Shide, Li Zongzhang, Yin Xingxin , Lee Wan, Yoon Dooshou, Yoon Genshou, Kim Chung-sun, Kim Myung-won, etc.
Japan: Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Ukita Hideka, Kobayakawa Takashi, Kato Kiyomasa, Koishi-governor, Zong Yoshitomo, Matsuura Zhenxin, Arima Harunobu, Todo Takatora, Naoshima Nabeshima, Katsumo Nabeshima, Nagashima Kuroda, Otomoyoshi Tong, Shimazu Yoshihiro, Maori Yoshijo, Beesuka Housekeeping, Ikoma Kinsei, Fukushima Masanori, Toda Katsutaka, Nagazong Ibu Yuan Kin, Tachibana Mongshige, Mori Terumoto, Yuchai Hidekatsu, Hosokawa Tadaki, Moriji Cheng, Wakisaka Anji and other
4 process editors The first battle
background The
Japanese Taiko (the former Guanbai is the prime minister) Toyotomi Hideyoshi After the basic Japanese army landed in Busan in 1588 to unify Japan, in order to quell the uneven distribution of land by the domestic samurai Dissatisfied, in May 1591, he decided to send troops abroad to acquire more land. In June of the 19th year of Wanli (1591), he sent an envoy Zong Yizhi to inform the Joseon King Xuanzu Li Heng, expressing his intention to attack the Ming Dynasty in the spring of the following year (1592), and asked for your patience and assistance. Hideyoshi wrote to the king of Joseon: "I want to pretend to be your country, go beyond the mountains and seas and go straight to the four hundred states of the Ming Dynasty to melt my customs, so as to administer the king's government for hundreds of millions of years." But Korea refused because of the long history of the Ming Dynasty. At that time, North Korea's eight-way military equipment was slack, and Li Ye emphasized literature over military (infighting between parties in the Korean court was fierce), so that "people did not know soldiers for more than two hundred years", and most of the more than 300 counties in the country were not fortified.
Japan is strong
In order to invade Korea, Toyotomi Hideyoshi began preparations as early as 1591 (the 19th year of Emperor Houyangcheng of Japan, the 19th year of Emperor Shenzong Wanli of the Ming Dynasty, and the 24th year of Emperor Xuanzu of Korea). Recruitment and mobilization order:
From Hitachi in the east, through the South China Sea to Shikoku and Kyushu, and from Akita and Sakata to China in the north, and the territories of the great Japanese Guanbai Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the coastal countries, prepare two large ships for every 100,000 stone. Ten sailors per hundred households in each seaport ride on large ships built by the great names of various countries; if there are surpluses, they will be concentrated in Osaka. The ships used by Hideyoshi's army were built by famous names from various countries to three large ships and five medium ships for every 100,000 stones. The required construction costs shall be allocated by Hideyoshi; the construction costs required by the famous generals of various countries shall be reported in the budget form, and half of the construction costs shall be allocated first, and the full amount will be paid after the ship is constructed. Sailors were each given two stipends, and their wives were given additional provisions. The wives of the servants employed in the army were also given food. All the ships and sailors mentioned above must gather at the ports of Setsu, Harima, and Izumi in the spring of the 20th year of Tensho (1592). In March of the same year, the mobilization order for the army troops was also decided. The number of big names in each country varies from place to place:
600 people in Shikoku and Kyushu. 500 people in China and Kishu. There are 400 people from the five countries in the country. Suruga, Yuanjiang, Mikawa, Izu Shikoku 300 people, east of this, 200 people. 350 people from Owari, Mino, Ise and Omi Shikoku. Wakasa, Echizen, Kaga, Noto Shikoku 300 people. Echigo and Dewa 200 people
1592 "The 20th year of Ming Shenzong Wanli, the 20th year of Emperor Houyangcheng of Japan, and the 20th year of Emperor Houyangcheng of Japan (at the same time, the era name was changed to [Munrok] in the same year), and the 25th year of King Seonjo of the Joseon Dynasty" March, Toyotomi Hideyoshi mobilized a total of 306,250 troops, divided into nine corps of 158,700 army troops to cross the sea to Korea to fight, with Ukita Hide's family as the general commander.
The Corps Commander's troops 18,000 people, Governor Koishi of the
First Army,
22,000 people of Kiyomasa Kato, 22,000 people of
the Third Army, 12,000 people of Kuroda Nagamasa
, 14,500 people of Yoshihiro Shimazu of the Fourth Army, 25,000 people of Fukushima Masanori of the
Fifth Army, and
Takashi Kobayakawa of the Sixth Army 15,000 people
The Seventh Army had 30,000 Maori Huiyuan, the
Eighth Army had 11,000 Yukita Hideki, and the
Ninth Army had 11,000 Yuchai Hidetsun. In
addition , Jiugui Jialong led 9,200 naval troops and 700 ships to transport soldiers and naval battles. use. (As shown in the table below)
Generals and
officers , 1,500 officers, Kalong, Osumi, 1,500 officers, 2,000 officers of Todo Takatora, 2,000
officers of Sado’s guard , 1,500 officers of Wakisaka Yasuji, 1,500 officers of Sasuke Kato, 750 officers of Kojima 250 people In addition , in order to supplement the source of troops, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Maeda Toshiya, Uesugi Jingsheng, Gamo's Township, and Date Masamune were ordered to gather the troops of their Japanese generals (10 photos) in Hizen Nagoya (now Saga ). County) as a reserve, a total of 105,000 people. In terms of strategy, adopting Tokugawa Ieyasu's proposal, the tactics of "advance by land and sea", "use the strong to bully the weak", and "quick battle" are adopted; the army is used to ensure the supply of strategic materials for the army, and the army is divided into three paths. , occupying Korea in one fell swoop. After everything was ready, Toyotomi Hideyoshi officially started the war against North Korea in April, citing North Korea's refusal to attack Ming. On April 12, 1592, 18,700 men of its First Army crossed the sea to Tsushima to stand by. On April 13, the order of departure of the Ninth Army arrived. On April 14, the Japanese who invaded Korea first landed in Busan. On May 2, 19 days later, they conquered the Joseon King Gyeonghan City and fell to Pyongyang on June 15, 1592. Korean War of Resistance
The Korean general, Yi Sun-sin, faced the large-scale aggression of the Japanese army. Powerful villagers from all over Korea organized rebels independently. For example, Guo Zaiyou of Seongju, Gyeongsang Province organized volunteer soldiers on April 21, 1592, and repeatedly defeated Anguksa Huiqiong. The battle made it impossible to enter Jeolla-do smoothly, and even defeated the army of Hosokawa Chugyo and Hasegawa Shuichi in the first battle of Jinju Castle on October 10, 1592. There are also Zheng Renhong, Sun Renjia, Jin Mian, etc., which also prevented Moli Huiyuan from successfully occupying Gyeongsang-do. Kim Cheon-il of Gwangju, Jeolla Province, and Gao Kyung-myeong of Jeonju also organized volunteer soldiers on June 1, 1592, while Cho Heon and monk Ling-gyu, who were from Gongju, Chungcheong Province, rectified their forces on July 3, 1592, and united against Kobayacheon The Sixth Corps of the Japanese Army such as Longjing and Tachibana Zongmao experienced the Battle of Qingzhou City, the Battle of Liangdan Mountain, and the two Battles of Jinshan. In addition, Li Yanman of Haeju, Gyeonggi Province confronted Kuroda Nagamasa, all of which hindered the advance of the Japanese army. However, Korea's military armament has reached an outrageous level. In just one month, "the three capitals were lost, and the eight roads collapsed." On May 8, 1592, the
Ming army aided the dynasty.
On the 27th, the Japanese First, Second, and Third Corps pursued, broke through the Linjin defense and captured Kaesong, so Xuanzu Li Ye had to leave Pyongyang on June 11, 1592, and continued to exile until the Ming army of China and North Korea arrived in Korea. Uiju on the border with the Japanese army, and sent an envoy to the suzerain Ming Dynasty for help. At that time, all the eight roads in Korea had been lost, and only the north of Ping An Road remained, and the area of Uiju near the Liaodong Peninsula had not yet been captured by the Japanese army. Xuanzu Li He knew that without the help of the Ming Dynasty, it would be impossible to restore Korea, so he sent a few The envoys went to the Ming Dynasty to ask for help. In addition to submitting official credentials to Emperor Wanli, the Korean envoys went to visit the cabinet ministers, ministers, ministers, censors, and eunuchs of the Ming Dynasty, and even expressed their willingness to attach themselves to the Ming Dynasty, trying to urge the Ming Dynasty to send troops to help as soon as possible. towards. The Ming court also believed that "the Japanese pirates' plan to Korea is really China, and our soldiers' rescue of Korea is really protecting China." Therefore, soon after, he promised Xuanzu Li Ye to cross the Yalu River and live in Kuandianbao on the Liaodong Peninsula, the territory of the Ming Dynasty.
For the Ming Dynasty, North Korea's emergency was almost unbelievable. According to the "Records of Xuanzu", the Ming Dynasty once sent an envoy to ask, "Why did your country suddenly fall into the hands of Japanese pirates?" Some envoys also said that since your country asked for help, why didn’t you mention the fall of the country in a few months and a few days, what battles took place, how many soldiers and horses were lost, who died in battle, who died in battle, who died in court, etc... Let the king of Joseon and his ministers Frightened for a while, worried that the Ming Dynasty suspected that North Korea was complicit with Japan, and wanted to use the guise of asking the Ming Dynasty to lure the Ming army into North Korea to annihilate it. At that time, there were also maritime merchants in Fujian, who reported to the court that North Korea and Japan were complicit in the news they heard when they were doing business in North Korea. After the king learned this news, in order to clear the doubts of the Ming Dynasty, in addition to repeatedly sending envoys, he also forwarded the letter from Japan threatening Korea to the Ming Dynasty, to show that Korea was indifferent. At the same time, the Minister of War, Shi Xing, also secretly sent people who had visited Korea and seen the king of Korea to identify the true and false king of Korea. Liaodong also sent painters to secretly draw the king's appearance for identification.
The first battle of the Ming army was not
good for the generals of the Ming army - when Li Rusong repeatedly collected information and discussed in the center of the Ming Dynasty, Liaodong had already dispatched the deputy commander of Kuandianbao on the first day of June, and Tong Yangzheng led 8 flying cavalry to deliver the letter First cross the river to prepare near Uiju, North Korea. It is divided into 5 batches. Each batch must run for a hundred miles. In case of emergency military situation, it is quickly delivered. It happened that the Japanese generals settled in Jiangsha and sent hundreds of cavalry to conduct exercises. The Korean minister specially invited Ming generals to investigate. Ming generals said: "If only this is the case, the soldiers of the heavens can be destroyed when they come.
" With the imminent arrival of the Ming army, the repeated consultations between the Ming Dynasty and North Korea began to focus on basic matters. The first thing to be solved was the issue of military rations. Because North Korea had no pay, the Ming court had decided that the central government would directly allocate pay to the Ming army. , and also first rewarded the King of Korea 20,000 taels of silver. It's just that the food transfer is inconvenient, so the position of the Ming army is to hope that North Korea can provide it. Xuanzu's Records was full of discussions about military rations between the king and ministers during this period. It was originally estimated that there were more than 40,000 shi in Pyongyang and more than 200,000 shi in Anju, which could feed 5,000 people on the 15th. However, after Pyongyang After the fall, the food returned to the Japanese army. Later, it was said that Jiashan had 5-6 hundred shi of grain, which could be used by 2,000 soldiers, but it was said that Anju did not even have 1 shi of grain. From these records, it can be seen that the North Korean government's control of the locality has been completely out of control. Many local officials fled without a trace because they took refuge, and the central government does not know the details of the place.
In the end, on June 15, 1592, the generals Dai Chaobian and the guerrilla Shi Ru began to lead the army to cross the river. According to the "Records of Xuanzu", there were a total of 1029 soldiers and 1093 horses. Earlier, because the Korean envoys had reported that the army was divided into two ladders, the first ladder was led by Shi Ru on the seventh day of the first day, and the second ladder was led by Wang Shouguan on the tenth day of the first day. After the first ladder crossed the river, the Korean government repeatedly urged to send troops to the south, and for the command of the army, the generals of the Ming army had a small quarrel with the Korean ministers, but the generals of the Ming army insisted on waiting for the whole army to arrive before sending troops. , it can be seen that the generals of the Ming army are indeed old in battle, and the ministers of North Korea have lost their judgment due to lack of military experience and repeated failures. In the end of Ding, the former generals Guo Mengzheng and the guerrilla Wang Shouguan led 500 troops and horses to cross the river back to Liaodong. On the 17th the next day, the two led the army to cross the river back to North Korea again. They led a total of 506 soldiers and 779 horses. The deputy chief soldier Zu Chengxun also At the same time, the army arrived, with 1319 troops and 1529 horses. After adding up, it can be known that when Liaodong sent troops for the first time, a total of 2,348 troops and 2,622 horses were dispatched. The general of the army - Deng Zilong's affairs.
In June, the North Korean envoy Li Dexin repeatedly wrote to Hao Jie, the governor of Liaodong of the Ming Dynasty, and cried day and night under the governor's tent. The governor of Liaodong was moved by him and sent the deputy general Zu Chengxun to lead more than 3,000 cavalry people to cross the Yalu River to rescue North Korea.
At dawn on July 17, 1592, Deputy General Zu ran a long-distance attack with the guerrillas Shi Ru and Wang Shouguan as the vanguards to attack the city of Pyongyang. Shi Ru led the Qian General Ma Shilong and Zhang Guozhong to enter the city first, beheading the enemy's head at level 10, Due to the heavy rain overnight, the Liaodong munitions failed, and Zu Chengxun was unfamiliar with the Japanese tactics, which led to the collapse of the army and the death of the iron cannon. The army disintegrated, and the deputy commander Zu was only spared. He was defeated and retreated across the Dading River within a day. North Korea urgently sent Cao Canzhi Shen Xishou to Jiuliancheng, hoping that the commander Yang Shaoxun could order the deputy commander Zu Chengxun to stay in Korea temporarily. , but Deputy General Zu retreated too fast and had already crossed the Yalu River.
In his subsequent report to General Yang Shaoxun, Deputy Chief Soldier Zu Chengxun mentioned several problems:
the lack of food and grass, North Korea could not provide enough food and grass to feed the army.
The military situation is not true. North Korean intelligence pointed out that there are only more than 1,000 Japanese troops in Pyongyang. After the actual battle, it is estimated that there are tens of thousands of Japanese troops.
The command authority is not exclusive, and the Korean officials have always hoped that the Ming army could be commanded by the Korean generals, and pressured the Ming army to send troops under unfavorable weather conditions. The Ming army lacked trust in the North Korean army. Deputy General Zu Chengxun pointed out that there were also 500 North Korean troops who went to Pyongyang at the same time. As a result, 400 North Korean troops fled first when the battle was about to take place, and the remaining 100 were talking to the other side. . At the same time, the Ming army was wounded and killed by bows and arrows. According to North Korean intelligence, the Japanese army only had iron cannons and long swords, so it was suspected that the archers were North Koreans. After repeated defenses by North Korean envoys, General Yang Shaoxun later accepted the North Korean explanation, that is, the military information was provided by the North Korean Jiedushi, and the investigation may be wrong. Regarding the archery, it may be because the North Korean weapons fell into the hands of the Japanese army. Or it was because some Koreans were captured that they were instructed by the Japanese army.
Daming Reinforces
Wanli Korean War - Weapons
Wanli Korean War - Weapons(15 photos)
The second wave of reinforcements of the Ming army and since the defeat of Pyongyang, the Liaodong Army is equivalent to handing over the dominance of the war to the hands of the Central Military Department Afterwards, although the North Korean envoys visited Yang Shaoxun several times, or other guerrillas, generals, etc., and asked to send troops into North Korea to strengthen morale, it was even possible to send hundreds of people to support him. However, the Ming Dynasty already had other strategic plans, and here are some excerpts from the "Records of Xuanzu": "... This thief cannot be controlled by the gunners of the south. If you want to adjust the gunners and all kinds of equipment, you should come here first, and wait for the soldiers of the south. Advance for a while...", "...Today, the rain is frequent, the roads are muddy... After the autumn cools, we can send a large army to advance and destroy... If the army stays in Yizhou and your country... Then your country is short of food supplies, and your country has saved food materials today. , reserved for the use of the army... There is a clear purpose to send troops to rescue, there is no difference between the inside and the outside in my heaven, and I would rather have the difference between the end and the beginning...".
It can be seen that the Ming court and the Liaodong Army later knew that the Japanese army was by no means the thousands of soldiers and horses that North Korea thought, and they had also planned to use logistics supplies from the Chinese mainland to support the operation, and hoped to defeat the Japanese army as soon as possible with superior forces. As for why it became an echelon of troops later, it was still due to the lack of supply and lack of intelligence. The
Ming army has repeatedly sent guerrilla Shen Weijing to North Korea since July, and even went to Pyongyang to negotiate with the Japanese army. The purpose is to delay the delay. The army assembled.
At the same time, the pioneers were dispatched first. However, due to the lack of military supplies in North Korea, troops were temporarily stationed in Liaodong. According to the records of Xuanzu Records, the number of pioneers dispatched was 6,000, including Jizhou, the deputy chief soldier Zu Chengxun. There were 2,400 soldiers in the town, 600 gunners of the Southern Army who were supposed to be sent to Jianzhouwei, and 3,000 people under the command of the guerrilla Zhang Qigong. As for the total force, it was claimed to be 100,000 people, but it was actually distributed at 70,000 people. Before September, he ordered Xue Pan to cross the river to Korea to meet the King of Korea for the final coordination, "... Said: Heaven's troops will arrive in ten thousand directions, and they will be transported from thousands of miles. It's not easy to do anything, so how about using silver to exchange rice?" , This paragraph is saying that it is not very simple to transport food across thousands of miles. The Celestial Dynasty wants to bring silver taels here, and then buy military rations on the spot, is that okay? The king replied like this: "…The land of the small state is too small, the people are barren, and the national customs do not know the benefits of money and money. Although there are silver taels, rice cannot be exchanged for military food..." This sentence is equivalent to telling the Ming Dynasty that the army must be free With grain, North Korea's agriculture is basically bankrupt. On Xinyou Day in the same month, there are also records as follows: Lin Shilu, the inspector of Liaodong, asked Li Youcheng, the director of the North Korean Council of Advice, "...how many months can you support your country's grain? The answer: it can support ten thousand soldiers for one month. What do you care about outside of the month? Answer: If you remove the thieves from Pyongyang, then Chungcheong and Jeolla can also use it..." From this, it can be seen that in order to support the army, Pyongyang is the primary strategic goal.
Discussion on the number of Japanese troops and the number of Ming troops. In Jiazi, North Korea, Xuanzu of North Korea summoned Yin Genshou to discuss with Han Yingyin. Shen Weijing only saw that there were fewer enemy troops in Pyongyang, and the number of enemy troops in Hamgyong Province was several times that of Pyongyang. There are only 1,000 people, and there should be more people stationed there. Yin Genshou said that the detective reported that there were only 900 people in the Pyongyang army. Shen Weijing said that the detective should be beheaded because of what he said. It is estimated that 70,000 people are needed to capture Pyongyang... Looking at it in hindsight, 70,000 was indeed the estimated number of troops sent for the first time. As for the discussion on the number of Japanese troops in the entire Korean territory, you can see the record. In October, Geng Yin, Xuanzu summoned a number of Bibian officials to discuss, and some of them asked, "...how many thieves? "Well..." At this time, Yin Genshou went on to say that the thief himself said that if there are 80,000 people, they can quickly conquer Korea, because there are only 50,000 people, so they cannot be defeated quickly. Li Hengfu replied, "Our army killed almost 10 Japanese soldiers. If there are only 400,000 Japanese soldiers left, why are there Japanese soldiers everywhere? ..." So, even though more than 4 months have passed, North Korea is still unable to determine how many Japanese troops landed, which also added a lot of trouble to the estimation of the troops that the Ming army needed to send later.
Jianzhou Wei's daughter Zhenren offered assistance to North Korea. In September Xinwei, the Jurchen Nurhaci of Jianzhou Guard heard about the Japanese invasion of North Korea after paying tribute to the Ming Dynasty in horse trade. There are 30,000 to 40,000 horsemen and 40,000 to 50,000 infantry troops under the Wei. They are all brave and used to fighting. I heard that the Japanese army invaded Korea. Because they are close to Korea, they are willing to send troops to assist Korea. After the discussion between King Xuanzu of Korea and his ministers , politely refused.
The military strategy of the Ming army. In October Gengchen, the Korean Rites Cao Judgment Yin Genshou and others met with General Ge of the Ming Dynasty, and General Ge told them privately: "This mobilization is about Neijizhou. , Xuanfu, Datong and 100,000 soldiers from the south, a total of 70,000 people, and 600,000 soldiers from Guangning, Liaodong and other places, a total of 700,000 people... The imperial decree thinks that they will kill Wangjing directly, if the Japanese army is let go If you escape this year, you must invade again next year, and the Japanese army will not return the armor. "
This was the Ming army's initial plan for using troops, hoping to assemble a large army to annihilate the invading Japanese army at one time, but it was only afterward that it was discovered that there was a discrepancy between the plan and the actual situation. The Korean minister asked about the grain rate again, and General Ge said: "The Yalu River is transported by trucks to the west and the horses to the east, and you don't need to use your country's money. The envoy asked again, what about Shen's guerrilla peace talks? If it is true During the peace talks, Xiaobang's pain could not be claimed. General Ge replied: I don't know what the imperial court meant, but General Yang said that the army had arrived in Pyongyang, and if the Japanese army begged for surrender, then we could only accept it silently. If you resist stubbornly, you will kill all the Japanese troops at once. There is no reason to let you meet your wishes! General Ge’s words mean that if the Japanese army does not surrender, the Koreans will definitely get revenge.”
The first wave of the Ming army crossed the river and entered The official Korean record of the number of aid, Renzi in October, North Korea's Bibian Siqi said: "There are 48,005 soldiers in the sky, and the generals of the Chinese army are not included in the total number of thousands, and each person's daily ration is 1 liter and 5 hectares. , 26700 horses, generals and other officials are not included in the number of horses, each of which is fed 3 liters of beans per day. Based on this calculation, the food of 48585 people is 720 shi per day, and 843,730 shi of rice is needed for 2 months; With 801 shi of beans, more than 48,060 shi of beans are needed in 2 months. It is estimated that from Uiju to Pyongyang, there are about 51,488 shi of grain left and 33,127 shi of beans... The military rations from the west to supplement the east can be supported for more than 50 days. Madou seems to be insufficient..."
Pyongyang Victory
In August of the same year, the Ming Dynasty used Song Yingchang, the right servant of the Ministry of War, to prepare the Japanese military affairs briefly, and ordered the world's governors to raise generals. On October 16, the Ming Dynasty ordered Li Rusong, the prime minister of Ji, Liao, Baoding, and Shandong, to serve as the chief military officer of the sea defense against Japan, and his younger brothers Li Rubai and Li Rumei were the deputy chief officers, and they went to North Korea together. The Ming Dynasty mobilized 40,000 elites from across the country. The main composition of this army is as follows: 10,000 iron cavalry in Liaodong; 8,000 elite cavalry each in Xuanfu and Datong; 5,000 elite infantry in Jizhen and Baoding; 3,000 in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. The deputy commander-in-chief of Sichuan, Liu Ting, led a Sichuan army of 5,000 troops and marched toward North Korea as a follow-up force. On December 25, 1592, after the army chief Li Rusong successfully returned from Ningxia, he led more than 43,000 troops across the Yalu River into Korea before he could rest. On the 5th of January, they arrived under the city of Pyongyang. On the 8th of January, they fought against the 18,000-strong First Army of Governor Konishi in Pyongyang. The city of Pyongyang was easy to defend and difficult to attack. There are two gates of Datong and Changqing in the east, two gates of Lumen and Hanban in the south, two ordinary and seven-star gates in the west, and two gates of Mitai in the north. Li Rusong's deployment is as follows: Jizhen guerrilla Wu Weizhong led the infantry in the lead, Liaodong deputy commander Zha Dashou led the cavalry in the rear, and attacked the northern fortress of Moran Peak; the central army Yang Yuan and the right army Zhang Shijue led the troops to attack Qixingmen in the west of the city; the left army Li Rubai ( Li Chengliang's second son) and General Li Fangchun led the troops to attack the common gate in the west of the city; Zu Chengxun led the Ming army disguised as the Korean army to paralyze the Japanese army and attacked Lumen in the south of the city; the commander Li Rusong supervised the formation. The main force of the Ming army will attack Pyongyang in the south, west and north directions, leaving a retreat route for the Japanese army in the east. The Ming army led by Zu Chengxun took the lead in breaking through the Lumen in the south of the city, and then Hantanmen, Ordinary Gate, Qixingmen, and Moran Peak were also captured by the Ming army one after another. Sheng (Kuno Shibei) went to investigate, but was also slashed by the Ming army's poisonous knife and died the next day. Seeing that the situation was over, President Xiaoxi led the remnants to retreat to the Fengyuelou, a corner of the north of the city. At night, the Japanese army broke through from the southeast and crossed the Datong River to retreat to Seoul. Along the way, Li Rusong deployed Li Ning and Zha Dashou to wait in ambush, and they killed hundreds of Japanese troops. At that time, the Ming army was equipped with hundreds of artillery pieces such as Fran cannons, tiger squatting cannons, squatting cannons, etc. Although the Japanese arquebuses were slightly better than the Ming army guns, the Japanese army did not have the powerful artillery of the Ming army. The Korean record "is about 5 miles away from the city, all the cannons were fired at once, and the sound was like the sky moving, and the Russian and the flowers were shining in the sky", ... "Although the sound of the Japanese guns was emitted from all directions, the sound of the cannons was heard, and the cannons of the heavenly soldiers were heard. Like the sky and the earth torn apart, everything committed is burnt...". Li Rusong's death recaptured Pyongyang, Kaesong, and attacked Seoul.
Battle of the Blue Hoof Hall
After the victory of the Ming army led by Li Rusong in Pyongyang, they wanted to take advantage of the victory to pursue the Japanese army. They dispatched the deputy commander Zha Dashou and the North Korean general Gao Yanbo to lead hundreds of cavalry to investigate the road between Kaesong and Wangjing. Located in Biti-dong, Deyang District, Goyang City, Gyeonggi-do, northwest of Seoul) Toshiling in the south encountered the reconnaissance team of the Japanese army Maeno Nagayasu and Kato Kotai. For a time, the fronts of the two sides fought and each other suffered casualties. Fang defeated and lost 60 cavalry, while Zha Dashou retreated to the Biho Pavilion.
After receiving the report on the 26th, Admiral Li Rusong thought that the Japanese army abandoned the capital and retreated as the local people said, so he led more than 5,000 soldiers and horses and cavalry (one said 8,000 people, and there were only 1,000 personal soldiers) from Kaicheng. aid.
Guess that the Japanese army Tachibana Zongshige took the lead in the other Japanese army, and led 3200 soldiers to ambushed in Lishiling. In return, it started at 7:00 in the morning. At first, only ten o'clock, Uchida Tsunatsu, Amano Zhencheng (real name Yasuda Kunisuke, and one of Senran Maru's "Achieving Sanyu") led the charge. 500 soldiers set the flag to show weakness to lure Zhada to attack. At ten o'clock, they threw their guns, drew their swords, and led their troops to attack Wangkeyan in the north, but Zhada was surrounded by about 3,000 troops. The arrow shot by Li Rumei) lasted until the second formation of the Tachibana army with 800 soldiers of Ono Zhenyuki and Midobi Zhenjiu alternated and died. Soon Tachibana Zongshiger and his younger brother Takahashi Takahashi led 2,000 soldiers of the team to attack the right wing of the Ming army from the left. Therefore, Zha Dashou retreated to the Biti Pavilion in the north. At this time, Zong Mao led 800 personal soldiers to pursue, but his subordinate Chibian Yongsheng fought to his death, and Zha Dashou finally accepted Li Rusong who came to the rescue. After 5 hours, the Tachibana Army transferred to Xiaomaru Mountain to the southwest of the Biji Pavilion for a rest, and received the large Japanese troops such as Kobayakawa Takashi at Wangke Inkstone.
Li Rusong learned that the vanguard had been fighting and quickly began to form the formation of crane wings. Wangkeyan in the north of Lishiling welcomed the army and reorganized the army at the Biti Pavilion. At this time, nearly noon, suddenly 20,000 Japanese troops Pioneer troops such as Kobayakawa Longjing, Maori Yuankang, Kobayakawa Hideo, Yoshikawa Hiroka, etc. appeared to occupy Wangke Inkstone, followed by 20,000 Japanese soldiers such as Yukita Hidejia and Kuroda Nagamasa.
Due to the narrow terrain and muddy paddy fields, Li Rusong retreated and went to Huiyinling, the exit of Gaoyang City in the north, and hurriedly ordered the main force of the Chinese army to advance quickly. Longjing's left-wing vanguard Ayaya Keio had 3,000 soldiers, but Longjing's right-wing vanguard, Inoue Jingzhen's 3,000 soldiers turned against the Ming army's vanguard, but the situation was still the Ming army's advantage. On the right side of the mountain, after seeing the machine first, the general Tachibana Narujia led the iron artillery team to shoot and then the whole army attacked the right flank of the Ming army. One of the Tachibana Japanese generals (Naruyuki Ono) was in a duel with Li Rusong and was shot by Li Rumei. The left wing of the Ming army was also attacked by Maoli Yuankang, Xiaobayachuan Xiubao, and Zhuziguangmen, and the front was suppressed by Xiaobayachuan Longjing. The Ming army suddenly seemed to be surrounded. At this time, Li Rubai, Li Ning, Zha Dashou, Zhang Shijue, Fang Shihui, Wang Wen and other Ming generals all fought swiftly with their swords. Among them, Li Yousheng was assassinated by Longjing General Jingzhen Inoue in order to protect Rusong. In the Tachibana army, two banner samurai, Anton Changjiu and Xiaochuan Chengjue, were also killed in battle. Xiaobayakawa Hideyoshi Eight other retainers under Bao's command were killed, and soon Kobayakawa Takashi joined Yoshikawa Hiro's family, Yukita Hide's family (in fact, he was led by his important minister Togawa Tatsuya), and Kuroda Nagamasa's army wanted to be surrounded, and the two armies fought for 6 hours from the afternoon. At dusk, however, the Ming army finally waited until the arrival of reinforcements led by Yang Yuan, the deputy general of the Zuo Association. Yang Yuan bravely broke through the Japanese army's encirclement and led the army to seize Rusong's right position, and bombarded the Japanese army with Li Ning's artillery battalion to help the Ming army retreat. The Japanese army Kobayakawa Longjing began to withdraw due to the arrival of reinforcements from the Ming army. (The above process is a reference and integrates the statements of "Ming History · Li Rusong Biography" [1], "Japanese War History · Korean War" [2].
In addition, according to the "Jingdong Shiji", "Wanli Three Great Expeditions" and other historical books It is recorded that after Li Rusong led the light cavalry to rescue Cha Dazhou's army, he continued to advance bravely, and pushed forward thirty li from the Biti Pavilion to Wangjing. After three days of confrontation with Wangjing's tens of thousands of Japanese troops, he finally retreated calmly.
The two armies fought for 6 hours from noon to dusk. According to Korean history, the two armies were killed and wounded at 5,000 or 6,000. Some Japanese history records that the number of Ming troops involved in the war was 20,000, and the Japanese army beheaded 6,000 Ming troops. The writers of the Manchu Qing Dynasty said that "every battalion has a military membership, and nearly 20,000 people died", which accounted for half of the troops of the Ming army that went to aid Korea at that time. They are far higher than the records of Korean history. According to the records of Xuanzu of the Joseon Dynasty, the number of Ming troops involved in the battle should not exceed 5,000. When the Japanese army saw the arrival of the Ming army infantry, they immediately retreated. . And "the North Korean "Seonjo Record" records that after the battle, the general trend of the Ming army is still the same, and the death of 20,000 should be a false story." It should be believed. However, there are two modern historical research works "Samurai Invasions of Korea 1592-1598" and Yang Zhaoquan's "History of Sino-Japanese-North Korean Relations", both of which believe that the Ming army was defeated. In fact, the objective evaluation believes that the Ming army did not achieve the tactical purpose in the initial battle, but the actual loss was not large. Judging from the situation of the two sides in the later stage of the battle, there was no difference between the winner and the loser, and the Ming army had a slight advantage.
dispute
The dispute between the southern and northern soldiers of the Ming army: Because of the battle of Pyongyang, the southern soldiers climbed the city wall first, but the northern soldiers were mostly beheaded, and when Li Rusong reported to the court, he expressed more about the merits of the northern soldiers, and less about the merits of the southern soldiers, resulting in the generals of the southern soldiers. The estrangement between the generals of the Northern Army. Because of the rumors that the northern soldiers were the heads of North Koreans to repay their merits, the imperial court specially sent imperial officials to North Korea to verify. After the Battle of Biti Pavilion, the southern soldiers spread rumors that the northern soldiers were killed in Biji Pavilion, and they reported to Jinglu first; at the same time, the southern soldiers ordered them to stay in Pyongyang because of the admiral. There are many sarcastic words, thinking that the northern army is not good for fighting, if the southern army alone would have recovered Pyongyang. The dispute between the Ming Dynasty and the DPRK: The dispute between the two countries is nothing more than about food and military strength. North Korea is eager to restore the country and repeatedly urged the Ming army to enter the army. At the same time, because the Ming army left the southern troops in Pyongyang, the front line was mostly northern troops, and the northern troops were mostly cavalry. According to the generals at the time, the Ming army lost as many as 12,000 horses, causing serious damage to the cavalry. In addition, the Ming army also encountered desertion problems, especially Liaodong soldiers were the most serious, while the southern soldiers would not escape because their hometowns were far away. In addition, Ming generals have repeatedly stated that the enemy situation provided by North Korea is unknown, and it is impossible to know how many troops will be needed to destroy the invading Japanese army. As for Song Jinglue, he did not trust North Korean officials at all, believing that they could easily leak military planes. Often, as long as military information was referred to North Korean officials, they would tell their relatives and friends after the court. If you don't say it, you look down on your relatives and friends. Therefore, there were many estrangements between the officials of the Ming and the dynasties. As for some officials of the Ming Dynasty under the guise of their positions, and asking North Korean officials to provide the Japanese army's head in return for their merits, etc., North Korean officials are also despised. The battle between the admirals of Jinglue in the Ming army: Jinglue used literati to control the military. The admiral’s request to increase troops and pay must go through Jinglue. Admiral Li always thought that Song Jinglue was influenced by the southern army and deliberately suppressed the text. At the same time, Song Jinglue also thought that Warriors love to talk big, and they are often false. Therefore, the two sides went back and forth with various official documents, but they were reluctant to enter the army, and Song Jinglue was also influenced by the court and war discussions, and wanted to make more strategies in Beijing. So, at first, Admiral Li led the battle and Song Jinglue refused to allow it; later, when the Japanese army withdrew to Busan, it became Admiral Li who advocated a slow advance, and Song Jinglue advocated a quick pursuit. The two held each other's elbows, but nothing was accomplished, leaving the Korean monarchs and ministers to discuss.
follow-up land battle
After that, the Japanese army moved about 20,000 troops to attack Xingzhou Mountain City in the northwest of the capital in February. The Korean city general Quanli defeated the Japanese army with a small number of troops, and the Japanese generals Ishida Sancheng and Yoshikawa Hiroya were wounded. In February, Li Rusong changed his strategy. In early March, he burned hundreds of thousands of millets in the granary of the Japanese army in Longshan, forcing them to retreat. On the 19th, the Japanese army was forced to retreat from Seoul (now Seoul) due to lack of food. In May, Sichuan General Liu Teng led an army of 5,000 troops to aid the DPRK and was appointed as the deputy commander-in-chief. The Japanese army retreated to Busan, and after that, the land battles were concentrated in the four southern provinces of Korea, and the battle between the Korean King Qin army and the Japanese army was the main battle. In mid-June, the Japanese attacked Jinju Castle in the south of Korea. For the second Jinju Castle invasion, the Japanese army Kato Kiyomasa, Kuroda Naojing, Zhuang Lin Yixin, and Goto Keji destroyed the city wall with tortoise-shell vehicles. , Most of the Japanese army poured into Jinzhou City and captured it, and the city general Jin Qianyi died in battle.
Naval operations
Since the Japanese army landed, the Korean naval forces immediately launched a series of counterattacks under the leadership of Yi Sun-sin, the envoy of Zuosu in Jeolla Province. According to the records of Xuanzu, the list is as follows:
On the 6th day of May, Hansan Island, Gyeongsang Yusu The envoy Yuanjun and Jeolla Zuoshui envoys joined forces with 80 warships. They entered Yupo and encountered more than 30 enemy ships. They defeated 26 ships and
joined forces again on the 7th of May. When they heard the news of King Xixing, the generals burst into tears.
On the 9th of May, the fleet was disbanded, and each returned to the town. On the
29th, Luliang joined forces, encountered 1 enemy ship, and destroyed it. It encountered another 12 enemy warships, all of which were destroyed.
On June 2, Tangpu, encountered 20 enemy ships, Zhongwei The Quan Jun smashed the enemy command ship and shot the enemy general to death.
On the 4th of June in Tangpu, the Jeolla Youshui envoy Li Yiqi led 25 battleships to join forces.
On the 5th of June, it went out to sea, and later moved to Tanghangpo, Gucheng, and sent to Zhongyang. Three ships reconnaissance, as soon as they left the sea, they encountered 26 enemy ships. In battle, more than 100 enemy ships were burned, more than 210 beheaded, and drowning did not count.
On the 6th of June, they chased the enemy overseas and burned one ship
. Soldiers return to town.
On July 6th, Shun Chen and Yi Qi joined forces with Luliang, Yuanjun repaired 7 broken ships and came first, and more than 70 enemy ships moved from Yongdengpu to see Nailiang
On the 8th day of July, the ship reached Zhongyang, and the enemy retreated and pursued me. More than 70 enemy ships formed an array and did not go out of the ocean. They were led out to the front of Xianshanyang by feinting retreat. , More than 400 Japanese troops abandoned their boats and fled on land.
On the 10th of July in Angupu, 40 enemy ships were in the middle of the ocean. , drowning does not count. During the Wanli Korean War, the Korean Navy's armed forces during the
Wanli Korean War(5 photos)
While the Ming army rushed to help, the Korean navy took the initiative in the naval battle. On May 4, 1592, Yi Sun-sin, then the envoy of Zuosu in Jeolla Province, Korea, led 75 ships out of Yeosu Port, Jeollanam Province, ready to attack the Japanese army. The Japanese army sent Todo Takahu to lead 50 wooden warships to fight. On May 7, the North Korean navy attacked the Japanese army, and the Japanese army was killed by surprise. After a round of fierce battles, the Japanese suffered heavy losses, 26 warships were wiped out by the North Korean navy, and the remaining ships had to flee in a hurry. Yi Sun-sin then annihilated the remaining Japanese troops on the seas of Hepo and Chijinpo. On May 9, the naval battle finally ended. Since then, the North Korean navy has mastered the sea power. In the entire naval battle, the Korean Navy destroyed a total of 44 Japanese ships, while the Japanese casualties were numerous. Relatively speaking, the Korean Navy suffered only a small number of casualties, and the ships were not damaged at all.
The Battle of Okpo was the first victory of the Korean army since the outbreak of the Imjin War, which greatly inspired the determination of the Korean military and civilians to resist the enemy, and made it difficult for the Japanese army to send troops and food to the Korean Peninsula from then on, because the Japanese army had already Lost most of the sea power.
On May 27, 1592, the Japanese navy was unwilling to fail and turned to attack Sacheon in South Gyeongsang Province. Upon hearing the news, Yi Sun-sin immediately set off with 23 turtle ships on May 29 and quickly sailed outside Sacheon Bay. At that time, there were 12 Japanese building ships in the bay, but the Japanese army still had lingering fears about the defeat in the last naval battle, so when they saw the North Korean navy rushing to help, they quickly fled to the land and set up defenses on the mountain. Yi Sun-sin then ordered the Joseon navy to pretend to retreat, in order to lure the Japanese army to board the ship and pursue them, but the Japanese army fell in love. At this time, the tide was rising, which greatly benefited the activities of large ships such as the turtle ship and the Panokwon of the North Korean navy. Therefore, when the ships were dispatched that day, Yi Sun-sin ordered all the ships to meet them. Soon, the Japanese ships were defeated. Although Yi Sun-sin was wounded in the battle, he continued to command his soldiers to kill the enemy, and as a result, all 12 Japanese ships were sunk.
After this battle, the Japanese navy no longer took the initiative to attack, but instead defended and attacked the Korean navy.
Battle of Dangpo, Goseong, and Yulpo Main article: Battle of Dangpo, Battle of Goseong, and Battle of
Yulpo On June 2, 1592, the Korean Navy Turtle Ship, led by Yi Sun-sin, took the initiative to attack the ships anchored in Dangpo Port. 21 Japanese ships, the Japanese ships were swept by the North Korean Navy on both sides, and finally wiped out. After the victory of the Tangpo naval battle, Yi Sun-sin took a short rest. On June 4, 1592, he joined forces with Li Yiqi, the envoy of the right water of Jeolla, and in the early morning of June 5, Qi Qi led 51 warships to attack 26 Japanese ships in the bay of Tanghangpo, Gucheng, and attacked from both sides. besiege it. As a result, all the Japanese ships were annihilated except one that was deliberately released. That night, the Japanese ship, which was deliberately released, picked up the Japanese troops on the shore, and wanted to escape in the early morning of June 6, 1592, but this hit the plan of Yi Sun-sin, and the Korean navy annihilated the Japanese ship. All the Japanese ships in Goseong-Danghangpo Bay were annihilated. On June 7, the North Korean navy attacked again and attacked the seven Japanese ships in Yulpo. The Japanese did not dare to fight and turned around and ran, but they were still completely wiped out by Yi Sun-sin.
After these three naval battles, the Japanese navy suffered a great blow, but the Japanese commander still did not rest his mind.
The Battle of Hansan Island
In order to fight the Korean navy in a decisive battle, the Japanese navy assembled in the area of Geoje Island and prepared to attack the Korean navy in three directions. On the other hand, Yi Sun-sin formed a combined fleet from his fleet from Jeolla Province and part of the fleet from Gyeongsang Province, ready to fight. On July 6, 1592, Yi Sun-sin entered and left the waters near Dangpo, and in the early morning of July 7, he led the Japanese navy assembled on Geoje Island to the waters near Hansan Island for a decisive battle. Yi Sun-sin chose to fight here because it has a relatively wide and deep water environment, and it is easy to set up an ambush, which can be surrounded and annihilated by the Japanese fleet.
Shortly after the decisive battle, the warships of the Korean navy were about to outflank the Japanese army, while the turtle ship of the Korean navy rammed the Japanese fleet, and soon overturned several large ships in the front row of the Japanese fleet, while the rest of the Korean warship The ship also fought bravely to kill the enemy and fought the enemy to the death. As a result, 61 warships of the Japanese army were completely wiped out. This is the world-famous "Hansan Island Victory".
After this battle, the Japanese navy completely lost control of the sea and could not deliver military rations. Therefore, the Japanese army could no longer invade. As a result, Toyotomi Hideyoshi had to make peace with the Ming Dynasty, and instead ordered the Japanese army to build a Wacheng at the southern end of Korea for defense and storage. use. On the other hand, Yi Sun-sin was named the second-rank Zhengxian doctor and the third-rank naval commander.
China and Japan negotiated peace
in June 1593, Japan was unable to send supplies due to the failure of the naval battle, and the excessive destruction of Korea caused the epidemic to spread, and it was not easy to distribute food locally. From Busan to Beijing to negotiate peace. In July, the imperial court announced an edict to withdraw the troops to carry out Japan's tribute issue, so Li Rusong's army retreated, leaving only Liu Wei and guerrilla Wu Weizhong, a total of 7,600 people, to guard the key points. However, Shi Xing, the Minister of War, insisted on making peace, and then withdrew Wu Weizhong's troops, leaving only Liu Wei's troops to defend. In September, although the Korean King Li He expressed his gratitude to the court for rescuing and helping him to restore his country, he was secretly dissatisfied with the exclusion of Korea during the peace meeting tomorrow. At this time, the Japanese army still occupied the four southern roads of Korea and firmly held the Busan Castle. In December, the Ming Dynasty ordered the governor of Jiliao, Gu Yangqian, to take care of North Korea affairs, and recalled Song Yingchang and Li Rusong. Shenzong ordered all the troops to be withdrawn, but at the same time emphasized that although the troops were withdrawn, "the Japanese are cunning, and they can't be finished in a hurry."
On May 8, 1593 (the 21st year of Wanli), Toyotomi Hideyoshi met with the Ming Dynasty embassy arriving in Japan in Nagoya. Due to the language barrier, the talks between the two sides were still conducted between Shen Weijing and Governor Xiaoxi. Toyotomi Hideyoshi proposed seven "conditions for peace in the Ming Dynasty and Japan":
1. Welcome the Princess of Emperor Ming as the Empress of Japan; 2. Develop trade and cooperation; 3. Tomorrow, the military attachés of the two countries will swear forever; Japan as a hostage; 6. Return the captured Korean second prince and other Korean officials; 7. The Korean ministers will never betray Japan. Shen Weijing agreed to the seven suggestions, but falsely claimed that Toyotomi Hideyoshi had agreed to become a minister to the Ming Dynasty, asked for tribute, and quit the Japanese invaders. On the other hand, Governor Konishi reported to Toyotomi Hideyoshi that the envoys of the Ming Dynasty had agreed to Toyotomi Hideyoshi's seven proposals, and they only needed to send Japanese envoys and Ming envoys to Beijing to ask the Ming emperor for final approval. In this way, after the deceitful mediation of the negotiators on the two sides, the two sides almost reached an "agreement". In October 1594, the Japanese peace envoy Konishi Ruan went to Beijing together with the Ming Dynasty mission, and Konishi Ruan had already formed an offensive and defensive alliance with Xiaoxi Xingda.
After Xiaoxi Ruan arrived in Beijing, he negotiated with Shi Xing and agreed to the three terms proposed by Shi Xing:
1. The Japanese army quickly evacuate Korea and Tsushima after being sealed; , Reconciliation with North Korea shall not be violated. At that time, the Ministry of War also had a detailed conversation with Xiaoxi Ruan, and Xiaoxi Ruan bullied the Ming Dynasty people who did not understand Japanese and agreed. At this time, Shen Weijing also submitted a fake Japanese drop form. Ming Dynasty rulers and ministers were greatly satisfied. Emperor Shenzong of Ming Dynasty immediately named Toyotomi Hideyoshi as the king of Japan, and named the minister of Japan according to the list provided by Konishi.
Then in January 1595, the Ming Dynasty sent an envoy to confer Toyotomi Hideyoshi as the king of Japan, and ordered Shen Weijing to go with him. The content of the edict is as follows:
The edict of the Ming Dynasty to Toyotomi Hideyoshi "Fengtian carries the emperor, and the system says: Sacred benevolence is widely transported, and wherever the sky is overturned, the emperor's order must be respected. Pu general and Haiyu sunrise, do not lead the order. In the past My emperor was born and bred in many places. The turtle, new dragon, and the dragon seal were given to the realm of Fusang; Zhenmin Dazhuan was the mountain of the country. Chenping Hideyoshi, the rise of Haibang, knows and respects China. Xichi is an envoy, and he admires the same. He is willing to ask for the attachment. The love is firm and obedient, and the kindness is in the tender heart. As the king of the day, I will give you an official order. Playing with the dragon Benzhi letter, wearing the crown and clothes on the sea surface, fashionable and fashionable, and guarding the vassal in the celestial dynasty, you should be repaired when you read the official duties. Follow the rules and thank the emperor for his kindness. It has been suffocated. There is no substitute for sincerity, only to obey Lunyan, and always respect the voice of teaching. Thank you!"
This edict is now in the Osaka Museum. It was written in the usual imperial style, as if the emperor of a great central power had conferred a kindness and reward to a small state. According to some historical records, Toyotomi Hideyoshi was furious at this and said: "I have mastered Japan, if I want to be a king, I will be a king. Why should the bearded captives be sealed!" Send troops to invade Korea. But another way of saying that although Toyotomi Hideyoshi was very reluctant, he still accepted the canonization of the Ming Dynasty government on the surface, and was even annoyed at the words of Emperor Shenzong's canonization letter, "Knock thousands of miles to the gate, and plead with the inside". He was able to swallow his words and accepted it, and the next day he "worn in the Ming Dynasty crown uniform and hosted a banquet in Osaka Castle to entertain the Ming Dynasty envoys". But in fact, it has been accumulating strength for a long time, brewing another attack on North Korea. At that time, Shi Xing, Shen Weijing and others, who were in charge of negotiating with Japan, tried their best to conceal the true intentions of Toyotomi Hideyoshi from Emperor Wanli in an attempt to get away with nothing. Then Toyotomi Hideyoshi will convict Governor Konishi and expel the Chinese and Korean embassies from the country. This two-year negotiation was completely broken. On the way back to China, Shen Weijing was stranded in North Korea and did not dare to return to Beijing. He forged a thank-you form from Toyotomi Hideyoshi and sent it to the court by another envoy. This fake thank-you table was seen by the Ming court, and with the news from North Korea that Japan was preparing for war again, Ming Shenzong Fangzhi was deceived and was furious. He immediately ordered Xing Jie to imprison Shi Xing, the minister of military affairs, and ordered the Ming army stationed in the court. Arrest Shen Weijing and rectify the law on the spot.
The second battle
was more than a year after the war subsided. In April 1596, the Korean envoy Li Zongcheng committed the crime of bribery. The Japanese army defended the important transportation port of Busan and was expelled by the Japanese guards and returned to Seoul. The Korean side immediately He was ordered to be arrested and imprisoned, but Toyotomi Hideyoshi was dissatisfied. In May, the Ming Dynasty proposed to confer the title of Toyotomi Hideyoshi again, and ordered the governor Yang Fangheng and the guerrilla Shen Weijing to go together. In September, Yang Fangheng, the envoy bestowed by the Ming Dynasty, arrived in Japan, but Toyotomi Hideyoshi was angry that the Joseon prince did not come with him to thank him. As a result, Toyotomi Hideyoshi refused to be sealed, and decided to send troops to invade Korea again. In January 1597, the Japanese army refused to withdraw from Busan, and North Korea learned that the Japanese army had invaded again, so they sent an envoy to the Ming Dynasty to ask for help. Invading North Korea this time, Toyotomi Hideyoshi absorbed the lessons of the failure of the last naval battle, which made it impossible to transport a large number of troops and supplies, and used countermeasures to frame Yi Sun-sin for conspiring to usurp power. , can only join the army in white.
In the first month of the twenty-fifth year of Wanli, Toyotomi Hideyoshi launched the second war against Korea. This time, it was more aggressive and more prepared.
The Corps Commander's troops 10,000 people of the
First Army Kato Kiyomasa
14,000 people of the Second Army Governor Konishi 10,000 people of
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